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The effects of such extreme events can be particularly profound if they affect the performance of habitat\u2010forming organisms (trees, corals, kelp). Further, the emergence of the \u201cholobiont\u201d concept in biology suggests that these impacts can occur directly on the habitat\u2010forming \u201chost\u201d and\/or via disruption of their associated microbiota. Following a one\u2010in\u2010100\u2009year rainfall event along the coast of Sydney, Australia, we examined the effects of rainfall (in the field) and lowered salinity (in the lab) on the performance and reproductive output of a dominant, habitat\u2010forming intertidal seaweed,\n                    <jats:italic>Hormosira banksii<\/jats:italic>\n                    . We then examined the ability of surface\u2010associated microbes to mitigate host responses to extreme rainfall via microbial manipulations in the field. Extreme rainfall and reduced salinity (&lt;\u200925\u2009ppt) negatively affected host reproductive output. Manipulative field experiments using a combination of antimicrobial treatments applied once (pulse) or regularly (press) showed that disruption of\n                    <jats:italic>Hormosira<\/jats:italic>\n                    's microbiota after extreme rainfall affected host photosynthesis and, more importantly, inhibited the post\u2010event recovery of host reproductive output. Press disruption of the host\u2010microbiota prevented recovery of normal (control) levels of reproductive output and photosynthesis for over 4 months. These experiments demonstrate that host\u2010associated microbiota can play a significant role in mediating responses of habitat\u2010forming seaweeds to extreme weather events, with consequences for key components of fitness. Given the increased frequency of flooding and storm events experienced by many systems, the microbiome may provide a key role in influencing habitat resilience to stress.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.73644","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T12:56:44Z","timestamp":1778763404000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effects of Extreme Rainfall on a Dominant Seaweed Are Mitigated by Its Microbiota"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9237-6539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander H.","family":"McGrath","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life and Environmental Sciences The University of Sydney  Sydney New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"Sydney Institute of Marine Science  Mosman New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter D.","family":"Steinberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sydney Institute of Marine Science  Mosman New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Marine Science and Innovation, School of Biological, Earth, and Environmental Science University of New South Wales  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Staffan","family":"Kjelleberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering Nanyang Technological University  Singapore Republic of Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3762-3389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ezequiel M.","family":"Marzinelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life and Environmental Sciences The University of Sydney  Sydney New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"Sydney Institute of Marine Science  Mosman New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering Nanyang Technological University  Singapore Republic of Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01904167.2016.1148723"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envexpbot.2022.104933"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0260905"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/12\u20102010.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/geb.13813"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s005720100097"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","volume-title":"The Functional Consequences of Biodiversity: Empirical Progress and Theoretical Extensions","author":"Balser T. 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