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Here, we experimentally analysed how the addition of a non\u2010native alternative host affects the infection success of a larval generalist trematode,\n                    <jats:italic>Diplostomum pseudospathaceum<\/jats:italic>\n                    . We assessed parasite abundance, the proportion of successfully established metacercariae, and host\u2010dependent parasite growth in the principal (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Abramis brama<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ), the native alternative (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Rutilus rutilus<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ), and the non\u2010native alternative (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Lepomis gibbosus<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ) fish intermediate hosts. Across all experiments,\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>A. brama<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    showed the highest susceptibility to\n                    <jats:italic>D. pseudospathaceum<\/jats:italic>\n                    , with significantly lower abundances in both alternative hosts. This supports the view that evolutionary compatibility and host\u2013parasite coadaptation in generalists play a more decisive role in shaping infection patterns than ecological factors such as host abundance or encounter rates. Multi\u2010host experiments revealed a significant reduction in the proportion of successfully established metacercariae, particularly in combinations of native hosts with non\u2010native\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>L. gibbosus<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    , indicating a dilution effect. Moreover,\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>L. gibbosus<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    exhibited a pronounced response to infection, developing stronger cataract than native hosts. Cataract formation was also more likely at lower infection intensities, indicating a lower threshold for pathology in the non\u2010native host without a shared evolutionary history with the parasite, compared to long\u2010term coexisting hosts. Metacercariae differed subtly yet significantly in size and organ dimensions among host species, demonstrating that host identity can affect larval morphology. Overall, our results demonstrate that the presence of alternative hosts, especially the non\u2010native ones, can reduce parasite transmission through encounter dilution and suboptimal infection, even when those hosts are susceptible, confirming that dilution effects are not restricted to non\u2010competent or resistant hosts.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.73645","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T00:54:37Z","timestamp":1779929677000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Competent Non\u2010Native Alternative Host Reduces Infection Success in a Generalist Parasite"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0933-806X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark\u00e9ta","family":"Ondra\u010dkov\u00e1","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Vertebrate Biology of the Czech Academy of Sciences  Brno Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0828-9684","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luk\u00e1\u0161","family":"Vete\u0161n\u00edk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Vertebrate Biology of the Czech Academy of Sciences  Brno Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1737-0668","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Veronika","family":"Bart\u00e1kov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Vertebrate Biology of the Czech Academy of Sciences  Brno Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6264-6091","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michal","family":"Jan\u00e1\u010d","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Vertebrate Biology of the Czech Academy of Sciences  Brno Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.7823"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2023.110310"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2016.0097"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1645\/23\u201051"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182012001989"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756\u20103305\u20105\u201090"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0001\u2010706X(93)90079\u2010Q"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.5728"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020\u20107519(01)00332\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ecy.1905"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10750\u2010016\u20102874\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/ES10\u201000032.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2024.102435"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2018.05.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2015.05.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008922"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102656.2007.01255.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1506279112"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","volume-title":"Parasitism: The Ecology and Evolution of Intimate Interactions","author":"Combes C.","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003\u20103472(80)80031\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2013.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2021.11.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11686\u2010024\u201000794\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182021002092"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X25000045"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2005.05.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1392569"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","volume-title":"Controlled Reproduction Technology of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio L). 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