{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T05:06:26Z","timestamp":1784610386685,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,17]],"date-time":"2026-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778976000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":16,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000196","name":"Canada Foundation for Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["53000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["53000"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ecology and Evolution"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Pinnipeds use their whiskers to detect and follow hydrodynamic cues during foraging. The movement of their head and whiskers is likely to be important for positioning the whiskers towards salient points in the flow\u2010scape. We present here the first descriptions of whisker and head movements in freely moving, foraging male northern elephant seals (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Mirounga angustirostris<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ) using a novel, non\u2010invasive underwater filming set\u2010up. We observed a range of behaviours during foraging, including forward swimming, vertical diving, diving with rotations, swooping swimming motions, vertical head dabbing (or bobbing), and lateral head sweeping, which occurred at different timescales, ranging from long, continuous swims to 0.4\u2009s dabs. These different types of movements in time and space likely provide the seals with the range of head and whisker positions and timings necessary for successful foraging. We also observed prolonged whisker protractions and rhythmic whisker movements with amplitudes of 10\u00b0\u2013130\u00b0. These are the largest ever measured in pinnipeds. It is likely that only by observing naturalistic behaviours, such as foraging in the wild, can these large, full whisker movements be observed. With this in mind, continuing to develop technology to observe naturalistic whisker movements in the field will give us better insights into the sensory behaviours of pinnipeds and other mammals.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.73684","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T00:16:31Z","timestamp":1779063391000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Head and Whisker Behaviours Observed During Foraging in Northern Elephant Seals (\n                    <i>Mirounga angustirostris<\/i>\n                    )"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Morgan","family":"Chapman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural Sciences Manchester Metropolitan University  Manchester UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H\u00e9lo\u00efse","family":"Frouin\u2010Mouy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies University of Miami  Miami Florida USA"},{"name":"Department of Biology University of Victoria  Victoria British Columbia Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabio C.","family":"De Leo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology University of Victoria  Victoria British Columbia Canada"},{"name":"Ocean Networks Canada University of Victoria  Victoria British Columbia Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3968-8370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robyn A.","family":"Grant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural Sciences Manchester Metropolitan University  Manchester UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2119502119"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1939945"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00191851"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-41446-6_6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1060514"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.14158"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","first-page":"56","article-title":"Pinniped Training for Research in Zoos: A Case Study Using Sensory Discrimination Tasks","volume":"13","author":"Elder A.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Zoo and Aquarium Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0308461"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0046962"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00359-010-0594-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00359-013-0797-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/JP288053"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.250776"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mam.12253"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109752"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2012.00039"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5334\/jors.93"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0305-0491(93)90087-L"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","first-page":"9","article-title":"Trade\u2010Offs Between Foraging Reward and Mortality Risk Drive Sex\u2010Specific Foraging Strategies in Sexually Dimorphic Northern Elephant Seals","volume":"1","author":"Kienle S. S.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Royal Society Open Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/0012-9615(2000)070[0353:FEONES]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(87)90008-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00359-014-0931-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.243085"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00359-020-01408-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23989"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2024.106261"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.148676"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","first-page":"635","article-title":"Evidence That Seals May Use Echolocation","volume":"300","author":"Renouf D.","year":"1982","journal-title":"Nature 1982"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0025315400042077"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.02708"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.047134"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.041699"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.053926"}],"container-title":["Ecology and Evolution"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ece3.73684","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/ece3.73684","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ece3.73684","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T04:54:20Z","timestamp":1784609660000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ece3.73684"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ece3.73684"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ece3.73684","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-7758","2045-7758"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-7758","type":"print"},{"value":"2045-7758","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-02-04","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-05-08","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-05-17","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e73684"}}