{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T11:40:13Z","timestamp":1791805213380,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780876800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":7,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003246","name":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ecology and Evolution"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Masting, highly synchronised but temporally variable seed production, is initiated by weather cues and is thus highly sensitive to climate change. Changes in these cues can lead to a masting breakdown, reducing the fitness benefits of masting through decreasing pollination efficiency and increasing predation risk for seeds. Here, we use 50\u2009years of individual tree data on annual seed production of European beech (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Fagus sylvatica<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ) in the Netherlands to assess temporal changes in masting patterns and their consequences for the selective benefits of masting. Additionally, we use a novel approach to identify which weather cues initiate reproduction, assess their temporal changes, and test whether they account for the observed changes in masting. We show that synchrony and inter\u2010annual variation in beechnut production have declined, resulting in a masting breakdown in the late\u20102000s, since which there has been constant, but low, seed production each year. Consequently, predation risk increased almost three\u2010fold, while pollination became less efficient, together reducing the fitness benefits of masting. Seed production was driven by precipitation and temperatures in the year of seed fall and the two preceding years, but the periods within the year in which trees respond to each climate variable differ in both timing and duration. Interestingly, only temperature, not precipitation, has changed over time, but this change only partly explained the observed changes in masting patterns. Masting breakdown is shown across the species range, but its fitness consequences remain understudied, because detailed, individual\u2010level, long\u2010term data are required but still rare. By using such a dataset, we here provide crucial evidence for the negative consequences of masting breakdown for beeches through reduced pollination efficiency and increasing predation risk. Using a new methodology, we further underline the strong effects of weather cues on reproduction, while showing that changing climate alone cannot be driving the masting breakdown and must interact with currently unidentified factors.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.73809","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T05:25:26Z","timestamp":1780982726000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Masting Breakdown in European Beech Reduces Fitness Benefits of Masting, Partly Explained by Climate Change"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0723-2682","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cherine C.","family":"Jantzen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Ecology Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO\u2010KNAW)  Wageningen the Netherlands"},{"name":"Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen  Groningen the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0713-3100","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph B.","family":"Burant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Ecology Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO\u2010KNAW)  Wageningen the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9433-2369","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marl\u00e8ne","family":"Gamelon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, VetAgro Sup, UMR 5558 Biom\u00e9trie et Biologie Evolutive  Villeurbanne Cedex France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5900-9136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabeth S.","family":"Bakker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Terrestrial Ecology Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO\u2010KNAW)  Wageningen the Netherlands"},{"name":"Wildlife Ecology and Conservation Group Wageningen University &amp; Research  Wageningen the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1456-1939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcel E.","family":"Visser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Ecology Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO\u2010KNAW)  Wageningen the Netherlands"},{"name":"Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen  Groningen the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/124_2017_8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2020.0380"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.17682"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.13442"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1365\u20102745.12673"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.15560"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.14187"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2024.05.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.16730"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2020.06.056"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41477\u2010020\u20100592\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32614\/RJ\u20102017\u2010066"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","volume-title":"Model Selection and Multimodel Inference","author":"Burnham K. 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