{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T04:05:59Z","timestamp":1784261159885,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781481600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":14,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ecology and Evolution"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Cypress knees are woody root structures of cypress trees (\n                    <jats:italic>Taxodium<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp.) that curiously protrude upwards out of the ground. To better understand knee growth characteristics, 30 knees in a southwestern Florida depressional cypress swamp were measured monthly for 14\u2009years (2012\u20132025) for tip growth. Substantial knee growth, when it occurred, was during the months of June through September, but only when the month coincided with water levels above ground. Regardless of water levels or the canopy's leafiness, knee growth rates consistently declined in October, and knee growth was rarely detectable from November through March. In other words, seasonal growth of cypress knees was triggered by above\u2010surface water levels occurring during the tree's typical growing season. These conclusions are further supported by extreme weather years when knees failed to grow during flood\u2010less summers (2012, 2023), and knees remained dormant during unusual January\/February wet conditions (2016, 2024). Growing seasons with higher water levels and longer hydroperiods were positively correlated with greater cypress knee tip growth, as well as a higher percentage of knees growing that season. Considering that 90% of knee tips were above mean high water at the onset of the study, the advantage of expanding a knee's thin\u2010barked growing tip during high water conditions may be, in addition to gaining height, to augment gas exchange with the inner tissues of the knee where aerobic respiration aids in starch storage processes and phloem's distribution of oxygenated resources. For this sample of knees, the mean seasonal growth rate was 0.39\u2009cm\/year, and a single\u2010season individual maximum was 3.6\u2009cm\/year.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.73853","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T01:50:22Z","timestamp":1781574622000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cypress (\n                    <i>Taxodium<\/i>\n                    ) Knee Seasonal Growth Is Stimulated by Flood Water Levels and Constrained by the Tree Dormant Season: A 14\u2010Year Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7887-4937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maureen S.","family":"Bonness","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Boondocks Botany LLC  Naples Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","unstructured":"Bonness M. S.2011.\u201cCypress Knees Exploit Stumps.\u201dPalmetto. 28(2):4\u20137."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","volume-title":"Cypress Knee Growth Patterns Over 32\u2010Year Span","author":"Bonness M. S.","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5962\/p.258690"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","volume-title":"Baldcypress. The Tree Unique, the Wood Eternal","author":"Brown C. A.","year":"1986"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2937322"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1672\/UCRT083-216"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","first-page":"334","volume-title":"Cypress Swamps","author":"Duever M. J.","year":"1984"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","first-page":"707","volume-title":"Cypress Wetlands for Water Management, Recycling, and Conservation. Third Annual Report to National Science Foundation and Rockefeller Foundation","author":"Duever M. J.","year":"1976"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","first-page":"197","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Seventh Biennial Southern Silvicultural Research Conference, General Technical Report SO\u201093","author":"Duever M. J.","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4996\/fireecology.0901110"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1931260"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00227495"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.ns-15.365.65"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/679618"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13157\u2010024\u201001831\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.109095"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1537\u20102197.1934.tb04991.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00317250"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","unstructured":"R Core Team.2026.\u201cR: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing.\u201dR Foundation for Statistical Computing Vienna Austria.https:\/\/www.R\u2010project.org\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0266467400010014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.flora.2021.151788"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.235.4792.1062"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.ns\u20102.23.38"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Notes on the \n                     Taxodium distichum\n                  , or Bald Cypress","volume":"16","author":"Shaler N. S.","year":"1887","journal-title":"Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/ffgc.2025.1427376"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","volume-title":"The Botany of Mangroves","author":"Tomlinson P. B.","year":"1986"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","volume-title":"Practical Statistics for Environmental and Biological Scientists","author":"Townend J.","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","unstructured":"Williston H. L. F. W.Shropshire andW. E.Balmer.1980.\u201cCypress Management: A Forgotten Opportunity.\u201dUSDA Forest Service Southeastern Area Atlanta GA. Forestry Report SA\u2010FR 8."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/22941932\u201090000560"}],"container-title":["Ecology and Evolution"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ece3.73853","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/ece3.73853","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ece3.73853","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T03:48:33Z","timestamp":1784260113000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ece3.73853"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ece3.73853"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ece3.73853","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-7758","2045-7758"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-7758","type":"print"},{"value":"2045-7758","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-02-07","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-03","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-15","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e73853"}}