{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T04:05:58Z","timestamp":1784261158734,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,21]],"date-time":"2026-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782000000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":20,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ecology and Evolution"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Pollen analysis is a crucial tool for reconstructing past vegetation and ecosystems. Until now, pollen analysis has been a time\u2010consuming manual process, severely limiting the number of records an analyst can produce and their temporal resolution. Recently, automatic approaches based on artificial neural networks have shown potential for classifying multiple pollen types. These approaches performed well with clean, modern reference material, but not with real\u2010world fossil pollen samples from, for example lake sediments. To overcome this limitation, our TOFSI approach uses two neural networks to first detect and then classify pollen and other objects. Here, we apply the approach, for the first time, to a long lake sediment sequence at a very high resolution of 1\u2009cm. To this end, a model has been trained to recognise 48 pollen, spore and NPP classes. Our approach performs excellently for the classes that are well represented in the training data. At the 0.5 confidence level, the automatic recognition achieves a recall and precision of at least 0.9. However, performance tends to decline for classes with fewer than ~100 training objects. We conclude that, when suitable images and model training are provided, TOFSI can accurately detect and classify multiple pollen, spores and NPP classes in lake sediment samples. The approach hence allows fully automated analysis when limited taxonomic resolution is sufficient. When full taxonomic resolution is required, TOFSI can be used in a semi\u2010automatic approach involving manual revision of critical objects. Both approaches substantially reduce analysis times, while the resulting count sums and, consequently, the statistical reliability of the results are often much higher. Besides improved productivity, an image\u2010based workflow could offer palynologists several practical improvements, including simplified student training and communication between researchers. Extended documentation and long\u2010term storage of results may improve the standardisation of pollen counts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.73866","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T05:21:26Z","timestamp":1782105686000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Efficient Automatic Pollen Recognition From Fossil Pollen Samples: A High\u2010Resolution Example Record From Palaeolake Kieshofer Moor, Northeastern Germany"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4033-3040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Theuerkauf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Ecology Leuphana University L\u00fcneburg  L\u00fcneburg Germany"},{"name":"Greifswald Mire Centre, Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology University of Greifswald  Greifswald Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Gillert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecology, Behavior and Evolution Department University of California San Diego  La Jolla California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","first-page":"101","volume-title":"Festschrift Gerhard Lang","author":"Ammann B.","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/11\u2010BA618"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0959683612465447"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277\u20103791(98)00084\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.palaeo.2015.08.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","first-page":"288","article-title":"Hochaufl\u00f6sende Pollendiagramme vom Tourbi\u00e8re Chaume Thiriet (S\u00fcdvogesen, NO Frankreich) zeigen kleinr\u00e4umige Muster im Pollenniederschlag w\u00e4hrend der letzten 2000 Jahre","volume":"15","author":"Klerk P.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annales Scientifiques de La R\u00e9serve de Biosph\u00e8re Transfrontali\u00e8re Vosges Du Nord\u2010Pf\u00e4lzerwald\/Wissenschaftliches Jahrbuch Des Grenz\u00fcberschreitenden Biosph\u00e4renreservates Pf\u00e4lzerwald\u2010Vosges Du Nord"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0959683612449756"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0302424"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcc.540100407"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597\u2010023\u201002269\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3065386"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","first-page":"636","volume-title":"Handbook of Paleontological Techniques","author":"Mosimann J. 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