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Compared to natural areas, cities are characterised by factors affecting abiotic (e.g., climate, habitat fragmentation) and biotic (e.g., species composition, phenology) components of the ecosystem, ultimately changing the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of those habitats. Similarly to many other taxonomic groups, urban birds differ from rural birds in morphology, behaviour and reproductive patterns. Yet potential associations between urbanisation and avian egg traits\u2014a key aspect of birds life\u2010cycle\u2014remain under\u2010researched. Given the limited availability of primary natural calcium sources (snails) in cities, eggs from heavily urbanised areas were expected to be smaller and more pigmented, indicating thinner shells and lower overall egg quality. To better understand how urbanisation affects egg traits, data on 718 great tit (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Parus major<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ) eggs from 90 clutches, spread across eight study sites in a city mosaic, were collected for two breeding seasons. All clutches were photographed and analysed using digital imaging and visual scoring to assess egg volume and pigmentation patterns. Urbanisation was quantified as the percentage of Impervious Surface Area (ISA) in the vicinity of each clutch via satellite imagery. In line with some studies conducted on semi\u2010natural bird communities, egg volume covaried with lay date and female body condition, while for both egg volume and egg pigmentation (spots percentage) a year effect was detected. However, in contrast with the predictions, there was no association between urbanisation and the examined egg traits. While urban clutches are consistently smaller, this study shows that eggs as such are similar to those found in rural habitats in terms of volume and pigmentation patterns. Thus, urban\u2010driven environmental pressures may not be as strong or directional during the egg laying phase as they are at later stages of reproduction.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.73867","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T14:03:31Z","timestamp":1785420211000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["An Analysis of Great Tit Egg Traits Across the City Mosaic: Urbanisation Does Not Affect Egg Size and Pigmentation Patterns"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0526-9610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ignacy","family":"Stadnicki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Evolutionary Biology Faculty of Biology, Biological and Chemical Research Centre University of Warsaw  Warsaw Poland"},{"name":"Institute of Human Sciences, School of Anthropology &amp; Museum of Ethnography University of Oxford  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5196-086X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michela","family":"Corsini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Alpine Environment Eurac Research  Bolzano Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1697-2149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Klaudia","family":"Szala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Avian Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Biology Adam Mickiewicz University  Pozna\u0144 Poland"},{"name":"Department of Biology George Mason University  Fairfax Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8074-8064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew","family":"Gosler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Human Sciences, School of Anthropology &amp; Museum of Ethnography University of Oxford  Oxford UK"},{"name":"Edward Grey Institute of Field Ornithology, Department of Biology University of Oxford  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7355-5846","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Szulkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Evolutionary Biology Faculty of Biology, Biological and Chemical Research Centre University of Warsaw  Warsaw Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00063657.2014.908819"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10336\u2010015\u20101293\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/isspar\u20102015\u20100014"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3161\/00016454AO2019.54.2.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12983\u2010018\u20100279\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3161\/000164510X551264"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00265\u2010021\u201003096\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3161\/00016454AO2017.52.1.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32614\/RJ-2017-066"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600\u2010048X.2013.00236.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","volume-title":"The Avian Egg: Chemistry and Biology","author":"Burley R. 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