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However, it is uncertain how this influences their ability to adapt to projected environmental changes from anthropogenic effects. Scleractinian corals are keystone species that face increasing threats from coastal pollution and climate change. Here we used RADseq to examine the population structure of\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">Oulastrea crispata<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ,\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    an encrusting coral native to the Indo\u2010Pacific that inhabits a large geographic range and exhibits high tolerance to environmental stress. To assess potential adaptive differences in\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>O. crispata<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    , we sampled individuals from across a spatially small but pronounced eutrophication gradient (Dissolved inorganic nitrogen: 1.6\u20139.0\u2009\u03bcM) within Hong Kong. A set of 39,527 genome\u2010wide single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) revealed no broad neutral population structure within our dataset of 90 individuals despite variation in environmental conditions. The level of diversity estimates and low inbreeding coefficient suggest no loss of diversity in coral population despite the challenging environment. While\n                    <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>ST<\/jats:sub>\n                    outlier analyses failed to reveal any clear signature of selection across sites, genotype\u2010environment association analyses identified 137 outlier SNPs associated with several water quality parameters. The transcriptome\u2010based annotation of these outlier loci indicates that their potential roles in environmental response. We also find that across the eutrophication gradient we sampled,\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>O. crispata<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    was consistently associated with the environmental stress\u2010tolerant symbiont genus\n                    <jats:italic>Durusdinium<\/jats:italic>\n                    sp. The presence of environment\u2010associated alleles, despite panmixia at nuclear loci, is compatible with adaptive responses driven by local environmental conditions. The detection of a stress\u2010tolerant Symbiodiniaceae species suggests a complementary holobiont\u2010level mechanism. Phenotypic plasticity of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>O. crispata<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    could be another mechanism for stress resilience. Future additional studies using whole genome sequencing and transcriptome analyses will be needed to clarify the genetic architecture of host resilience in\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>O. crispata<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    and the relative contributions from host genetics and holobiont\u2010mediated effects.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.73908","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T20:29:00Z","timestamp":1782937740000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Weak Structure and Environment\u2010Associated Loci Across a Eutrophication Gradient in a Resilient Coral Species"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8383-2926","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Le Qin","family":"Choo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Simon F.S. Li Marine Science Laboratory, School of Life Sciences The Chinese University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vriko","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, The Swire Institute of Marine Science The University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Momigliano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, The Swire Institute of Marine Science The University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong China"},{"name":"Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences University of Tuscia  Viterbo Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shelby E.","family":"McIlroy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Simon F.S. Li Marine Science Laboratory, School of Life Sciences The Chinese University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong China"},{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, The Swire Institute of Marine Science The University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.094052.109"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0003376"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.15829"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2014.10.044"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010019\u201054814\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3000380"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2122152119"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0185056"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1755\u20100998.12906"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msz008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ismeco\/ycae162"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","first-page":"540","article-title":"A Stable Association of the Stress\u2010Tolerant Zooxanthellae, Symbiodinium Clade D, With the Low\u2010Temperature\u2010Tolerant Coral, \n                     Oulastrea crispata\n                   (Scleractinia: Faviidae) in Subtropical Non\u2010Reefal Coral Communities","volume":"42","author":"Chen C. 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