{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T09:27:19Z","timestamp":1787218039456,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":126,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783036800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ecology and Evolution"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Butterflies exhibit seasonal dynamics in diversity and population in response to bioclimatic factors. However, their seasonal diversity remains poorly understood in urban landscapes. Therefore, we examined how butterfly diversity varies across seasons in the urban forests of Pokhara City, located in Nepal's subtropical region. We selected three urban forests\u2014Banpale, Bhadrakali, and Shanti Ban Batika\u2014to sample butterflies. We employed the Pollard Walk Survey method to collect data across all four seasons and analyzed various diversity indices, community composition, and indicator species. We also applied generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs) to assess the effects of precipitation and temperature on species richness and abundance. In total, 197 butterfly species, comprising 3344 individuals from six families, were recorded. The diversity and community composition differed significantly across seasons, with richness, Shannon, and Simpson diversities peaking during the monsoon and abundance peaking in the pre\u2010monsoon. Winter recorded the lowest species richness, diversity, and abundance. Species like\n                    <jats:italic>Pieris canidia<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Eurema hecabe<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Ypthima baldus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Junonia iphita<\/jats:italic>\n                    contributed most to the differences across seasons.\n                    <jats:italic>Anthene emolus<\/jats:italic>\n                    was associated with the pre\u2010monsoon season,\n                    <jats:italic>Lethe kansa<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Athyma ranga<\/jats:italic>\n                    were confined to winter, and several other species served as seasonal indicators. The family Nymphalidae dominated the butterfly community, with different families exhibiting notable seasonal variation in richness and abundance. Additionally, GLMMs found that precipitation alone has a significant positive effect on species richness, while the combined effect of precipitation and temperature negatively impacts both richness and abundance. This study highlights the importance of seasonality in shaping butterfly diversity and community composition in urban forests, offering essential insights for their conservation in urban landscapes.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.73936","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T03:38:29Z","timestamp":1783136309000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Seasonal Variation of Butterfly Diversity in Subtropical Urban Forests of Nepal"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1675-593X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahamad Sayab","family":"Miya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences Western Kentucky University  Bowling Green Kentucky USA"},{"name":"Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology University of Arkansas  Fayetteville Arkansas USA"},{"name":"Center for Agricultural Data Analytics University of Arkansas  Fayetteville Arkansas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2123-2348","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Apeksha","family":"Chhetri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Forestry, Pokhara Campus Tribhuvan University  Pokhara Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bandana","family":"Subedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec en Abitibi\u2010T\u00e9miscamingue  Rouyn\u2010Noranda Quebec Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pratiksha","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Natural Resource Management Agriculture and Forestry University  Katari Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanjaya Raj","family":"Tamang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kathmandu Forestry College Tribhuvan University  Kathmandu Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9111-1747","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shristee","family":"Panthee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz Institute for Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (IGZ) e.V.  Gro\u00dfbeeren Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Biodiversity Friedrich\u2010Schiller Universit\u00e4t Jena  Jena Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7110-2862","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hasina","family":"Miya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Forestry, Pokhara Campus Tribhuvan University  Pokhara Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198540182.003.0037"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAC.1974.1100705"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arnold J. 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