{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T09:28:34Z","timestamp":1787218114172,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785110400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":26,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ecology and Evolution"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Oligochaetes and chironomids are valuable bioindicators but ethanol preservation is problematic: it causes oligochaetes to disintegrate and forces a trade\u2010off in insects between DNA integrity and morphological structures. Aiming to develop genetic oligochaete and chironomid indices based on the high\u2010throughput sequencing (HTS) of genetically tagged specimens, we tested whether long\u2010term specimen storage in neutral buffered formalin affects the success rate of subsequent genetic analyses. We performed PCR amplifications of the COI gene on specimens preserved in neutral buffered formalin for periods up to 6\u2009months. For oligochaetes, DNA quantities (amplicon yields) decreased over time but remained sufficient for sequencing at all tested periods; for chironomids, no temporal trend toward degradation was observed. Storing these tissues in neutral buffered formalin for up to 6\u2009months does not prevent subsequent genetic analyses and provides ample time for logistical processing, such as labor\u2010intensive sieving. These results facilitate the implementation of oligochaete and chironomid indices using a single sediment sample for both groups. More broadly, replacing ethanol with neutral buffered formalin as a fixative simultaneously preserves DNA quality, specimen density, community composition, and morphological structures across macroinvertebrate taxa. This integrated preservation allows for: (1) the refinement of macroinvertebrate indices both morphology\u2010 and bulk\u2010DNA\u2010based, by ensuring that all taxa, including soft\u2010bodied organisms, are accurately represented; (2) the perfection of insect barcode reference databases by enabling a dual validation approach where high\u2010quality sequences are directly linked to intact morphological vouchers; and (3) the improvement of quality control in bulk\u2010sample HTS by allowing morphological verification of molecular results on the same specimens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.74047","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T07:23:46Z","timestamp":1785137026000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["<scp>DNA<\/scp>\n                    Integrity of Chironomids and Oligochaetes Is Maintained During Long\u2010Term Storage in Neutral Buffered Formalin: Implications for Macroinvertebrate Monitoring"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3842-1970","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R\u00e9gis","family":"Vivien","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Centre for Applied Ecotoxicology (Ecotox Centre) Eawag\u2010EPFL  Lausanne\/D\u00fcbendorf Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Taxonomy and Phylogeny  Brussels Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michel","family":"Lafont","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ Lyon, Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR 5023 LEHNA  Villeurbanne France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beno\u00eet J. D.","family":"Ferrari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Centre for Applied Ecotoxicology (Ecotox Centre) Eawag\u2010EPFL  Lausanne\/D\u00fcbendorf Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","volume-title":"Qualit\u00e9 de l'eau. D\u00e9termination de l'indice biologique global normalis\u00e9 (IBGN)","author":"AFNOR","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1899\/10\u2010013.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2003.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0182965"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/ber2003268"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00565a010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/2041\u2010210X.12789"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0014-3820.2002.tb00191.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1755\u20100998.13013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1755\u20100998.14065"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0141579"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0344-0338(11)80118-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","first-page":"463","volume-title":"Manual on Field Recording Techniques and Protocols for All Taxa Biodiversity Inventories","author":"Krogmann L.","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2478\/v10104\u2010012\u20100004\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742\u20109994\u201010\u201034"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","first-page":"7","article-title":"Collecting and Preserving Polychaetes","volume":"16","author":"Mackie A. S. Y.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Polychaete Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.10799"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","first-page":"134","volume-title":"Introduction to the Study of Meiofauna","author":"Pfannkuche O.","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-1718-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","first-page":"65","article-title":"Chironomid Communities as Water Quality Indicators","volume":"2","author":"Saether O. A.","year":"1979","journal-title":"Holarctic Ecology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356\u2010017\u20109349\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1078\/1439\u20106092\u201000071"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1755\u20100998.12236"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","volume-title":"Path to Effective Recovering of DNA From Formalin\u2010Fixed Biological Samples in Natural History Collections, Workshop Summary","author":"Tang P. Y.","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","first-page":"147","article-title":"A New Method of DNA Extraction From the Ethanol\u2010Fixed Parasitic Worms","volume":"44","author":"Tkach V.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Acta Parasitologica"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010020\u201058703\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","volume-title":"OligoGen: D\u00e9veloppement de m\u00e9thodes oligoch\u00e8tes g\u00e9n\u00e9tiques pour \u00e9valuer la qualit\u00e9 biologique des s\u00e9diments de cours d'eau","author":"Vivien R.","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104\u2010016\u20102140\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.4122"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biology13090693"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.6050"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","first-page":"537","article-title":"Use of Benthos in Lake Monitoring","volume":"52","author":"Wiederholm T.","year":"1980","journal-title":"Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","unstructured":"Wilson R.2005.\u201cMarine Invertebrate Sample Processing Procedures.\u201dAccessed 14 March 2026.https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/228985138_Marine_invertebrate_sample_processing_procedures."}],"container-title":["Ecology and Evolution"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ece3.74047","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/ece3.74047","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ece3.74047","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T09:18:56Z","timestamp":1787217536000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ece3.74047"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ece3.74047"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ece3.74047","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.22541\/authorea.15003110\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2045-7758","2045-7758"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-7758","type":"print"},{"value":"2045-7758","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-05-03","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-08","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-27","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e74047"}}