{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T03:06:38Z","timestamp":1788923198556,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,2]],"date-time":"2026-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785628800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002850","name":"Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Cient\u00edfico y Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["11241036"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11241036"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002850","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ecology and Evolution"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Paleoenvironmental records indicate that Neotropical regions near the Equator experienced reduced rainfall during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). However, some records show conflicting environmental signals. To address these discrepancies, previous studies have proposed two demographic\/genetic scenarios for cloud forests based on contrasting precipitation regimes. Here, we apply a multiproxy approach to extinct proboscideans, commonly referred to as gomphotheres, from Ecuador to assess the extent to which wet\u2010 and dry\u2010forest models shaped environmental conditions on the coast and in the Inter\u2010Andean Valley during the Late Pleistocene. Fossil molars were analyzed using stable isotope analysis, dental microwear analysis, and radiocarbon dating. Radiocarbon dates obtained from the sampled gomphotheres span\n                    <jats:italic>ca<\/jats:italic>\n                    . 31,820\u201323,830\u2009cal\u2009yr. BP. Enamel bioapatite \u03b4\n                    <jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>\n                    C values, ranging from \u221214.82\u2030 to \u22120.78\u2030, indicate that these proboscideans occupied a broad range of environments, although the overall isotopic signal points to a predominance of more open and relatively dry habitats. Dental microwear data support this interpretation, indicating substantial grass consumption. Reconstructed meteoric water \u03b4\n                    <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>\n                    O values derived from enamel bioapatite reveal a clear altitudinal effect on gomphothere distribution. Moreover, these values are comparable to those recorded at present\u2010day meteorological stations in Ecuador. We therefore infer that, at least during the lifetimes of the sampled individuals, there were no major differences in the \u03b4\n                    <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>\n                    O signature of atmospheric circulation between the Late Pleistocene and today in this region. Although substantial chronological gaps remain in paleoenvironmental reconstructions, our results suggest that processes consistent with the Dry Refuge Model (DRM) had a strong influence on Ecuadorian landscapes during the Late Pleistocene. In this scenario, cloud forests were displaced and compressed into refugia due to the combined effects of aridity and cooling.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.74099","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T04:20:30Z","timestamp":1785730830000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Testing the Dry Refuge Model: Paleoecological Insights From Late Pleistocene Gomphotheres in Ecuador"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Erwin","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez\u2010Guarda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ciencias de la Ingenier\u00eda Universidad de O'Higgins  Rancagua Chile"},{"name":"Institut Catal\u00e0 de Paleoecologia Humana i Evoluci\u00f3 Social (IPHES\u2010CERCA)  Tarragona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8673-212X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iv\u00e1n","family":"Ram\u00edrez\u2010Pedraza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Catal\u00e0 de Paleoecologia Humana i Evoluci\u00f3 Social (IPHES\u2010CERCA)  Tarragona Spain"},{"name":"Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ci\u00e8ncies Ambientals, Secci\u00f3 de Zoologia i Antropologia Biol\u00f2gica Universitat de Barcelona  Barcelona Spain"},{"name":"Institut d'Arqueologia de la Universitat de Barcelona  Barcelona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Tornero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Catal\u00e0 de Paleoecologia Humana i Evoluci\u00f3 Social (IPHES\u2010CERCA)  Tarragona Spain"},{"name":"Department of Prehistory Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB)  Bellaterra Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lidiane","family":"Asevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Estratigrafia e Paleontologia, Faculdade de Geologia Programa de P\u00f3s\u2010Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Geoci\u00eancias, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro  Rio de Janeiro Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Villavicencio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Geograf\u00eda, Facultad de Historia, Geograf\u00eda y Ciencia Pol\u00edtica Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile  Santiago Chile"},{"name":"Biolog\u00eda Integrativa, Facultad de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile  Santiago Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4918-7967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebasti\u00e1n","family":"Escobar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Ecolog\u00eda y Evoluci\u00f3n en los Tr\u00f3picos\u2010EETrop Universidad de Las Am\u00e9ricas  Quito Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Luis","family":"Rom\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias Escuela Polit\u00e9cnica Nacional  Quito Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"Hidalgo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Terra Ignota  \u00d1u\u00f1oa Regi\u00f3n Metropolitana Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esteban","family":"Benalc\u00e1zar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias Escuela Polit\u00e9cnica Nacional  Quito Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florent","family":"Rivals","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Catal\u00e0 de Paleoecologia Humana i Evoluci\u00f3 Social (IPHES\u2010CERCA)  Tarragona Spain"},{"name":"ICREA  Barcelona Spain"},{"name":"Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Departament d'Hist\u00f2ria i Hist\u00f2ria de l'Art  Tarragona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/qua.2021.24"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.palaeo.2019.109523"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsames.2021.103552"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-0182(92)90014-V"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11609\/JoTT.o2848.4893\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2006.01228.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010021\u201091627\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","unstructured":"Benalc\u00e1zar E.2025.\u201cBiomec\u00e1nica Mandibular en Probosc\u00eddea: Estudio Comparativo con Enfoque enNotiomastodon platensis.\u201dTesis de mag\u00edster. 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F.CruzJr. C.Zorro\u2010Luj\u00e1n J.Iriarte andP.Roberts.2025.\u201cStable Isotopes Reveal the Northern Tropical Highlands as Refugia for Extinct South American Megafauna.\u201dResearch Square Preprint Version 1.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21203\/rs.3.rs\u20106880948\/v1.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-6880948\/v1"}],"container-title":["Ecology and Evolution"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ece3.74099","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/ece3.74099","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ece3.74099","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T02:12:20Z","timestamp":1788919940000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ece3.74099"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ece3.74099"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ece3.74099","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-7758","2045-7758"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-7758","type":"print"},{"value":"2045-7758","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-01-24","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-16","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-02","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e74099"}}