{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T03:06:38Z","timestamp":1788923198574,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785974400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ecology and Evolution"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Extinction of specialized pollinators can alter the balance between mutualism and antagonism in plant\u2013animal interactions, yet the mechanistic consequences of partner loss remain poorly resolved. We examined plant\u2013bird interactions among three endangered Hawaiian lobelioids (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Cyanea shipmanii<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Clermontia pyrularia<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Clermontia lindseyana<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ) and extant nectarivorous birds in montane forests on Hawai\u02bbi Island. These plants were likely pollinated historically by now\u2010extinct long\u2010billed Hawaiian\u00a0honeycreepers, creating a system in which contemporary bird\u2013plant interactions may differ from historical pollination dynamics. Using motion\u2010triggered cameras, we quantified floral visitation by \u02bbI\u02bbiwi (\n                    <jats:italic>Drepanis coccinea<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and Hawai\u02bbi \u02bbAmakihi (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Chlorodrepanis virens<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ), evaluated whether nectar acquisition was coupled with contact with fertile floral structures, and measured the frequency and form of nectar robbing. To test the consequences of nectar robbing, we experimentally simulated corolla piercing and flower splitting using a 3D\u2010printed \u02bbAmakihi bill model, quantified subsequent nectar replenishment, and evaluated fruit development and seed viability. Contact with fertile floral structures (anthers or stigma) occurred in 43% of floral visits overall. Nectar robbing occurred in 39% of all visits and was more frequently performed by \u02bbAmakihi. Experimental damage significantly altered subsequent nectar replenishment, demonstrating that nectar robbing modifies floral resource dynamics beyond immediate removal. Despite frequent antagonistic behaviors and altered nectar dynamics, fruit production and seed viability remained high across treatments. These findings indicate that co\u2010occurring nectarivores perform different functional roles that alter floral resource dynamics and plant reproductive outcomes. In this post\u2010extinction system, mutualistic and antagonistic processes operate simultaneously, underscoring the importance of mechanistic evaluation when assessing the persistence of species interactions under biodiversity loss.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.74123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T12:52:17Z","timestamp":1786020737000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Mutualism and Antagonism in a Post\u2010Extinction Hawaiian Bird\u2013Lobelioid Pollination System"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2856-687X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel B.","family":"Case","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington  Seattle WA USA"},{"name":"Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture University of Washington  Seattle WA USA"},{"name":"Maui Forest Bird Recovery Project  Makawao Hawaii USA"},{"name":"Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum  Honolulu Hawaii USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donald R.","family":"Drake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Hawai\u02bbi at M\u0101noa  Honolulu Hawaii USA"},{"name":"Seed Conservation Laboratory, Harold L. Lyon Arboretum University of Hawai\u02bbi at M\u0101noa  Honolulu Hawaii USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Epperly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington  Seattle WA USA"},{"name":"Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture University of Washington  Seattle WA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Steinbronn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington  Seattle WA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keoki","family":"Kanakaokai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Nature Conservancy, Hawai\u02bbi and Palmyra  Honolulu Hawaii USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Molly E.","family":"Hagemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum  Honolulu Hawaii USA"},{"name":"University of Hawai\u02bbi at M\u0101noa  Honolulu Hawaii USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathaniel H.","family":"Kingsley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Hawai\u02bbi at M\u0101noa  Honolulu Hawaii USA"},{"name":"Seed Conservation Laboratory, Harold L. Lyon Arboretum University of Hawai\u02bbi at M\u0101noa  Honolulu Hawaii USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shannon Bay","family":"Gregory","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Hawai\u02bbi at M\u0101noa  Honolulu Hawaii USA"},{"name":"Seed Conservation Laboratory, Harold L. Lyon Arboretum University of Hawai\u02bbi at M\u0101noa  Honolulu Hawaii USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanna L.","family":"Mounce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maui Forest Bird Recovery Project  Makawao Hawaii USA"},{"name":"University of Hawai\u02bbi at M\u0101noa  Honolulu Hawaii USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Rico\u2010Guevara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington  Seattle WA USA"},{"name":"Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture University of Washington  Seattle WA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cobi.12193"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","volume-title":"Rules for Testing Seeds","author":"Association of Official Seed Analysts (AOSA)","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ecolsys.38.091206.095818"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","volume-title":"Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination","author":"Baskin C. 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