{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T03:06:28Z","timestamp":1788923188957,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787011200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":17,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ecology and Evolution"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Eyespot mimicry is a well\u2010documented anti\u2010predatory strategy in many insects, particularly in moths. In the genus\n                    <jats:italic>Automeris<\/jats:italic>\n                    , species possess hindwing eyespots that resemble owl eyes, serving to startle the moth's predators. However, the mechanism by which\n                    <jats:italic>Automeris<\/jats:italic>\n                    eyespots function as a deterrent to moth predators is unresolved. Two hypotheses dominate the literature for eyespots broadly. First, that eyespots function as mimics of owl eyes with the rationale that the moth's predators are prey for owls and would avoid anything that looks like an owl. Alternatively, eyespots could be deterring due to their conspicuousness but are not mistaken for eyes. In this study, we investigate the mimicry hypothesis using species distribution models, artificial intelligence, and saliency mapping to assess whether\n                    <jats:italic>Automeris<\/jats:italic>\n                    eyespots are mimicking the eyes of sympatric owls. Geographic analyses reveal range overlap between\n                    <jats:italic>Automeris<\/jats:italic>\n                    species and co\u2010occurring owls, supporting the opportunity for mimicry\u2010driven selection. Our convolutional neural network (CNN) based confusability analysis demonstrates that\n                    <jats:italic>Automeris<\/jats:italic>\n                    eyespots are frequently misclassified as owl eyes, providing quantitative evidence for their visual similarity. Saliency heat map analyses on images of owls and moths showed high levels of confusion in the eyespot area and glimmer of moths and the eyes and beaks of owls. Our data suggest that\n                    <jats:italic>Automeris<\/jats:italic>\n                    eyespots are likely mimics, contributing to predator avoidance through deimatic behavior. This study highlights the potential for AI to provide new insights into the evolution of defensive traits in predator\u2013prey interactions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.74144","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T09:55:07Z","timestamp":1787046907000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Eyespots in\n                    <i>Automeris<\/i>\n                    Moths Mimic Sympatric Owl Species (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae)"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-0268-031X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chelsea","family":"Skojec","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History University of Florida  Gainesville Florida USA"},{"name":"Department of Biology University of Florida  Gainesville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. Keating","family":"Godfrey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Department Middlebury College  Middlebury Vermont USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brandon","family":"Adams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics University of Florida  Gainesville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nabeeha","family":"Nazrul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Cell Sciences University of Florida  Gainesville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chandra","family":"Earl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Ecological Observatory Network Biorepository Arizona State University  Tempe Arizona USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"McTammany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Interdisciplinary Studies University of Central Florida  Orlando Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akito Y.","family":"Kawahara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History University of Florida  Gainesville Florida USA"},{"name":"Department of Biology University of Florida  Gainesville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vaughn","family":"Shirey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History University of Florida  Gainesville Florida USA"},{"name":"Marine and Environmental Biology Section \u2013 Department of Biological Sciences University of Southern California  California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kate D. L.","family":"Umbers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science Western Sydney University  Penrith New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/d14070575"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/beheco\/arz006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/695282"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","unstructured":"BirdLife International.2022.\u201cHandbook of the Birds of the World. 2022 Bird Species Distribution Maps of the World. 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