{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T03:06:50Z","timestamp":1788923210627,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,2]],"date-time":"2026-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785628800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ecology and Evolution"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Individual differences in behavior impact ecological interactions and potentially influence life\u2010history strategies. However, comparative studies examining how behavioral variation is structured in closely related, ecologically similar species remain limited. We investigated the expression of movement traits and the structure of behavioral variation in young\u2010of\u2010year (YOY, 0\u2010group) Atlantic cod (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Gadus morhua<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ) and saithe (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Pollachius virens<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ) using repeated laboratory trials over 3\u2009months in solitary open\u2010field and mirror contexts, followed by additional paired conspecific trials using the same experimental contexts. Several movement traits were quantified, and activity and acceleration were analyzed using Bayesian mixed\u2010effects models to estimate species differences, context\u2010dependent plasticity, and among\u2010individual variation across time and social contexts. Species differed modestly in behavioral expression; saithe were quicker to explore and exhibited higher acceleration than Atlantic cod. Cod activity increased, and acceleration declined over time, whereas saithe exhibited little change. Context produced contrasting effects for both species: mirror exposure reduced activity (no change in acceleration), paired trials increased activity in both species, while acceleration showed no clear change in cod but decreased in saithe. Beyond species mean responses, species differed in the organization of behavioral variation. Cod exhibited stronger and more structured among\u2010individual differentiation, including strong intercept\u2013slope relationships, but weaker coupling among movement traits. Saithe showed tighter integration among movement traits, higher residual variability, and more variable responses across contexts. These results demonstrate that closely related, ecologically similar gadoids differ not only in behavioral expression but in how behavioral variation is partitioned among and within individuals, and this is apparent even during the first months of life. The noted differences align with ecological contrasts between demersal, facultatively social Atlantic cod and pelagic, more strongly shoaling saithe.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.74149","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T04:36:36Z","timestamp":1785731796000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Young\u2010Of\u2010Year Atlantic Cod and Saithe Differ in Individuality and Structure of Movement Traits"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2814-9160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gu\u00f0bj\u00f6rg \u00c1sta","family":"\u00d3lafsd\u00f3ttir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Iceland Research Centre of the Westfjords  Bolungarvik Iceland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1994-5197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michelle L.","family":"Valliant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Iceland Research Centre of the Westfjords  Bolungarvik Iceland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2022.104736"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.9952"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0022-1112.2004.00568.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7036.111.4.399"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v080.i01"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","unstructured":"B\u00fcrkner P. C. J.Gabry M.Kay andA.Vehtari.2025.\u201cPosterior: Tools for Working With Posterior Distributions.\u201dR Package Version 1.6.1.https:\/\/mc\u2010stan.org\/posterior\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2017.03.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2011.01648.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2008.01267.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-cellbio-101323-025423"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2025.123077"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2023.2302"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.247918"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.12013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2009.07.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/156853905774539445"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2012.12.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/beheco\/art002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.200.8.1165"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/cjfas-2020-0142"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8649.1988.tb05468.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icesjms\/fst048"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17451000.2011.627921"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/eva.12640"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5620170221"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00265-025-03685-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10228-010-0177-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.01142"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/meps13862"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00265-017-2395-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2015.1005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jfb.12719"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00265-016-2193-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/meps15208"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0292495"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","first-page":"5","article-title":"Um l\u00edffr\u00e6\u00f0i fiskungvi\u00f0is \u00ed \u00cdsafjar\u00f0ardj\u00fapi","volume":"8","author":"P\u00e1lsson \u00d3. K.","year":"1976","journal-title":"Hafranns\u00f3knir"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10641-006-0031-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pedersen T. L.2020.\u201cPatchwork: The Composer of Plots.\u201dR Package Version 1.1.1.","DOI":"10.32614\/CRAN.package.patchwork"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00265-016-2206-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/f89-246"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","volume-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/meps126009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2679.2004.00141.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2017.02.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007517720723"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-022-05256-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-43069-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2004.04.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icesjms\/fsv261"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2012.12.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-3771-4_20"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/meps09852"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/f95-176"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.71674"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-011-1580-3_9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican0784-72"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Webb P. W. L.Maddock Q.Bone andJ. M. V.Rayner.1994.\u201cThe Biology of Fish Swimming.\u201dMechanics and Physiology of Animal Swimming.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511983641"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1577\/1548-8659(1986)115<115:FLMOEL>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/245048a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1420-9101.2006.01175.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.01686"}],"container-title":["Ecology and Evolution"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ece3.74149","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/ece3.74149","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ece3.74149","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T02:14:15Z","timestamp":1788920055000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ece3.74149"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ece3.74149"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ece3.74149","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-7758","2045-7758"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-7758","type":"print"},{"value":"2045-7758","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-05-05","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-26","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-02","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e74149"}}