{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T03:06:32Z","timestamp":1788923192938,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,9]],"date-time":"2026-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786233600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":8,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017419","name":"Wollega University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017419","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ecology and Evolution"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Human\u2010wildlife conflict frequently occurs at the borders of protected areas, where the demands of humans and wild mammals greatly overlap. The Jorgo\u2010Wato Protected Forest is a protected area located in Ethiopia where human\u2010wildlife conflict is becoming a serious issue for local people. Conflict between humans and carnivores was assessed in the nearby settlements of the Jorgo\u2010Wato Protected Forest, western Ethiopia. This study aimed to identify carnivore species responsible for livestock depredation, assess the associated economic losses, and examine local strategies used to mitigate human\u2013carnivore conflict around the Jorgo\u2010Wato Protected Forest. A multistage sampling method was used to evaluate human\u2010carnivore conflict cases and associated economic costs within the study area. Five villages were purposively selected within a 5\u2009km range of the forest. Data were collected through a household questionnaire survey, key informant interviews, group discussions, and field investigations from November 2019 to September 2021 during both wet and dry seasons. Our results showed that out of the six carnivore species involved in livestock depredation, spotted hyena (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Crocuta crocuta<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ), olive baboon (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Papio anubis<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ), and leopard (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Panthera pardus<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ) accounted for 55.62% (115,576 US$), 20.43% (42,460 US$), and 18.50% (38,454 US$) of livestock and economic loss, respectively, in the study area. To alleviate human\u2010carnivore conflicts, the local communities utilized guarding (96.25%), chasing with dogs (83.34%), and cleaning shrubs around the home (74.53%) as the common mitigation measures. To sustainably mitigate human\u2013carnivore conflict around the Jorgo\u2010Wato Protected Forest, coordinated, site\u2010specific land\u2010use planning is recommended. This should include developing and strictly implementing a participatory land\u2010use planning system that clearly delineates wildlife habitat, grazing areas, and settlement zones to minimize overlap between people and carnivores. In addition, buffer zones around the Jorgo\u2010Wato Protected Forest should be established and expanded to reduce direct encounters between carnivores and livestock.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.74156","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T03:21:13Z","timestamp":1786332073000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Human\u2010Carnivore Conflicts and Associated Economic Losses in Villages Adjacent to Jorgo\u2010Wato Protected Forest, Western Ethiopia"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7255-3219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mosissa Geleta","family":"Erena","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Wollega University  Nekemte Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diriba","family":"Diba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Sciences Wollega University  Nekemte Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08941920.2017.1347974"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0161717"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10344\u2010016\u20101029\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26077\/p5a9\u2010ms40"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Assessment of Human\u2010Wildlife Conflict in and Around Gemshat Forest Area, Wollo, Amhara Region, Ethiopia","volume":"2","author":"Alemu H.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Abyssinian Journal of Science and Technology"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","volume-title":"Wildlife Management Working Paper Number 8. 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H.","year":"2010"}],"container-title":["Ecology and Evolution"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ece3.74156","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/ece3.74156","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ece3.74156","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T02:15:44Z","timestamp":1788920144000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ece3.74156"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ece3.74156"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ece3.74156","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-7758","2045-7758"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-7758","type":"print"},{"value":"2045-7758","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-02-26","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-27","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-09","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e74156"}}