{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T02:51:50Z","timestamp":1791427910469,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787875200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100024787","name":"Hatch","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["7002993"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7002993"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100024787","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ecology and Evolution"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Common gardens are critical to studying the trait variations in plant species and how environmental or genetic factors influence them. In common gardens, non\u2010native species and non\u2010local populations must be monitored closely to reduce their chances of escaping, as this can lead to genetic spillage, which is the introduction of foreign genetic material with potential unwanted phenotypes\/genotypes into the native ecosystems. This could decrease the fitness of native populations and threaten natural habitats. This study investigated a possible spillage of genetic material from an existing common garden experiment of the Scarlet Monkeyflower (\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">Erythranthe cardinalis<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      )\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    . This garden consists of six populations that originated from three regions across its distribution (North, Central, and South) and were propagated at an Ecological Reserve in Southern California. A population of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>E. cardinalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    was recently observed a kilometer away from the common garden, leading to the question of whether it is a wild population or an escapee. Leaf samples were collected from individuals of each provenance established at the common garden, and the \u201cunknown\u201d population. DNA was extracted from all samples and further processed for DArT sequencing to generate genome\u2010wide SNPs. Genetic clustering analyses such as DAPC, PCoA, and ADMIXTURE were used to determine the genetic proximity of the unknown population to the six provenances from the common garden. Clustering analyses of all individuals revealed that the unknown population is genetically related to southern populations. A focused analysis of only the southern and unknown populations showed that the unknown individuals formed a distinct cluster, suggesting they are not escapees but represent a natural population in the Southern California region. Although a spillage was not detected, these findings serve as a reminder for researchers to monitor their garden experiments to control escapees and reduce the possibility of a spillage occurring.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.74226","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T08:22:56Z","timestamp":1787905376000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Investigating Genetic Spillage in a\n                    <i>Mimulus cardinalis<\/i>\n                    (Syn.\n                    <i>Erythranthe cardinalis<\/i>\n                    ) Common Garden Experiment"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Lydia","family":"Duran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology San Diego State University  San Diego California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3647-3761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Niveditha","family":"Ramadoss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology San Diego State University  San Diego California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8284-7608","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seema Nayan","family":"Sheth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant and Microbial Biology North Carolina State University  Raleigh North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8934-0033","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lluvia","family":"Flores\u2010Renter\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology San Diego State University  San Diego California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Albano L. J. R. A.Bingham S.Correa et\u00a0al.2025.\u201cRange\u2010Wide Responses to an Extreme Heat Event inMimulus cardinalis.\u201dbioRxiv.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2025.05.01.651703.","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.05.01.651703"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.094052.109"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0014\u20103820.2005.tb01817.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icr048"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/evl3.218"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","unstructured":"APGA.2026.\u201cPublic Gardens as Sentinels Against Invasive Plants Initiative.\u201dAmerican Public Gardens Association Dashboard.https:\/\/members.publicgardens.org\/grow\u2010your\u2010garden\/protect\/pgsaip\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/704249"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3119\/18\u201016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb45040173"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0014\u20103820.2003.tb01516.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icesjms\/fsae179"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11948\u2010014\u20109558\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gecco.2025.e03572"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","unstructured":"Fraga N. S.2018.\u201cErythranthe cardinalis in Jepson Flora Project (eds.) Jepson eFlora Revision 6.\u201d"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1755\u20100998.12745"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1013825816443"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/hydrology3020014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg2611"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006\u20103207(98)00153\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/29.4.e25"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179587"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","unstructured":"Jepson Flora Project.2023.\u201cErythranthe cardinalis.\u201dInJepson eFlora(Revision 12). The Jepson Herbarium University of California Berkeley.https:\/\/ucjeps.berkeley.edu\/eflora\/eflora_display.php?tid=25147."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btn129"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10530\u2010007\u20109121\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11816\u2010021\u201000667\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-61779-870-2_5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13580\u2010018\u20100074\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plantsci.2013.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ppees.2009.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jeb.13184"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muir C. D. C. L.Van Den Elzen andA. L.Angert.2021.\u201cSelection on Early Survival Does Not Explain Germination Rate Clines inMimulus cardinalis(Phrymaceae).\u201dbioRxiv pp.2021\u201012.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2021.12.14.472651.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.12.14.472651"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1009095"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Taxonomy of Erythranthe Sect. Erythranthe (Phrymaceae)","volume":"31","author":"Nesom G. 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K.1968.\u201cCrossing Barriers in Mimulus.\u201dProceedings of the XII International Congress of Genetics Tokyo Japan 2:216\u2013217."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2007.0906\u20107590.05072.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.7011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.72752"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0149563"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wenzell K. E. M.Neequaye P.Paajanen et\u00a0al.2023.\u201cWithin\u2010Species Floral Evolution Reveals Convergence in Adaptive Walks During Incipient Pollinator Shift.\u201dbioRxiv.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2023.10.29.564637.","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.10.29.564637"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2005.10.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0305\u20101978(97)00027\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aobpla\/plaf062"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/evo.14041"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12870\u2010023\u201004398\u20102"}],"container-title":["Ecology and Evolution"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ece3.74226","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/ece3.74226","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ece3.74226","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T02:44:02Z","timestamp":1791427442000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ece3.74226"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ece3.74226"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ece3.74226","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.22541\/au.177459339.99905288\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2045-7758","2045-7758"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-7758","type":"print"},{"value":"2045-7758","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-03-26","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-13","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-28","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e74226"}}