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Climate change is expected to further alter its geographical distribution, posing challenges to both conservation and sustainable utilization. Here, we applied a Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) model that integrates climatic, topographic, and soil variables to assess the current and future suitable habitats of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>A. annua<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    in China under three CMIP6 shared socioeconomic pathways (SSP126, SSP245, and SSP585) for the mid\u201021st century (2050s) and late\u201021st century (2090s). We hypothesized that winter temperature conditions and precipitation seasonality would be the principal climatic constraints on habitat suitability, and that future climate change would drive an overall contraction and northeastward shift of suitable areas, with stronger changes under higher\u2010emission scenarios. The model was optimized using the ENMeval framework by tuning the regularization multiplier and feature classes, thereby reducing overfitting and improving ecological realism. Model predictions indicate that the current suitable habitat of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>A. annua<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    covers approximately 2.02\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                    <jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009km\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    , mainly distributed across central and southwestern China. Habitat suitability is primarily constrained by winter temperature conditions, precipitation seasonality, and elevation, highlighting the dominant role of climatic tolerance and topographic mediation in shaping its ecological niche. Under future climate scenarios, the total suitable area is projected to contract, with the most pronounced reductions occurring under the high\u2010emission SSP585 pathway. Spatially, suitable habitats are expected to shift northeastward, with the centroid migrating from northern Sichuan toward southern Shaanxi, reflecting a climate\u2010driven redistribution toward cooler regions. By distinguishing stable,\n                    <jats:italic>contracting<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>expanding<\/jats:italic>\n                    zones of suitable habitat, this study provides a spatially explicit assessment of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>A. annua<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    's vulnerability and adaptive potential under climate change. Our findings offer ecological insights into the species' climate sensitivity and provide a scientific basis for dynamic conservation planning and sustainable industrial distribution under future environmental change.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.74236","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T00:39:01Z","timestamp":1789432741000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Distribution and Habitat Suitability of\n                    <scp>\n                      <i>Artemisia annua<\/i>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    in China Under Climate Change Scenarios"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Fenguo","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science, Shanxi Engineering Research Center of Microbial Application Technologies Shanxi Normal University  Taiyuan Shanxi China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2728-0003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dongqing","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science, Shanxi Engineering Research Center of Microbial Application Technologies Shanxi Normal University  Taiyuan Shanxi China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanyue","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science, Shanxi Engineering Research Center of Microbial Application Technologies Shanxi Normal University  Taiyuan Shanxi China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhusong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science, Shanxi Engineering Research Center of Microbial Application Technologies Shanxi Normal University  Taiyuan Shanxi China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiamin","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science, Shanxi Engineering Research Center of Microbial Application Technologies Shanxi Normal University  Taiyuan Shanxi China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guanghua","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences South China Normal University  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0202-8886","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yongji","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science, Shanxi Engineering Research Center of Microbial Application Technologies Shanxi Normal University  Taiyuan Shanxi China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.9827"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ecog.01132"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1365\u20102745.13606"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1206432"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2025.1563070"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su12041309"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1004\u20109398.2009.02.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.10848"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","first-page":"579","volume-title":"Progress in New Crops","author":"Ferreira J. 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