{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T03:49:35Z","timestamp":1791431375465,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787875200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ecology and Evolution"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Photosymbiotic marine invertebrates derive carbon from both symbiont photosynthesis and heterotrophic feeding, yet the relative contribution of each source is often inferred from bulk tissue \u03b4\n                    <jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>\n                    C values without accounting for intertissue and intraspecific variations. Here, we measured \u03b4\n                    <jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>\n                    C in three tissues (mantle, gill, and foot) of the photosymbiotic bivalve\n                    <jats:italic>Fragum unedo<\/jats:italic>\n                    (subfamily Fraginae) across a range of body sizes from\n                    <jats:italic>Gathaagudu<\/jats:italic>\n                    (Shark Bay), Western Australia, and compiled published \u03b4\n                    <jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>\n                    C data from marine mollusks and cnidarians spanning photosymbiotic, chemosymbiotic, and non\u2010symbiotic nutritional modes. Within\n                    <jats:italic>F. unedo<\/jats:italic>\n                    , \u03b4\n                    <jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>\n                    C differed consistently among tissues: the symbiont\u2010free foot was enriched by approximately 1.1\u2030 relative to the mantle and 1.6\u2030 relative to the gill, which is consistent with bulk mixing between host and symbiont biomass in symbiont\u2010bearing tissue, and also may be due to post\u2010photosynthetic fractionation during metabolite translocation from symbiont\u2010bearing source tissues to heterotrophic sink tissues. \u03b4\n                    <jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>\n                    C values also increased with body size, with a total ontogenetic shift of approximately 3\u2030 between the smallest and largest individuals, suggesting a progressive increase in reliance on symbiont\u2010derived carbon through growth. Both tissue and size effects are comparable in magnitude to the differences commonly used to distinguish nutritional modes among taxa, indicating that tissue selection and developmental stage can directly alter carbon source assignments. The compiled dataset reveals that chemosymbiotic, photosymbiotic, and non\u2010symbiotic taxa do not occupy discrete isotopic categories but instead form a continuous \u03b4\n                    <jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>\n                    C gradient with substantial overlap between nutritional modes. The values for\n                    <jats:italic>F. unedo<\/jats:italic>\n                    fall within the photosymbiotic range but near its lower boundary, consistent with a mixed nutritional strategy. These results demonstrate that \u03b4\n                    <jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>\n                    C is a valuable tracer of carbon sourcing in symbiotic systems but should be interpreted as a continuous variable shaped by tissue identity, ontogeny, and environmental context rather than as a categorical marker of symbiotic state.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.74241","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T02:56:41Z","timestamp":1787972201000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["<scp>\n                      \u03b4\n                      <sup>13<\/sup>\n                      C\n                    <\/scp>\n                    as a Continuum: Tissue\u2010Based, Ontogenetic, and Interspecific Variation in Carbon Sourcing of a Photosymbiotic Bivalve (Subfamily Fraginae)"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Aaron","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Colorado Boulder  Boulder Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andy D. Y.","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Colorado Boulder  Boulder Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingchun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Colorado Boulder  Boulder Colorado USA"},{"name":"Museum of Natural History University of Colorado Boulder  Boulder Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Kirkendale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Collections and Research, Western Australian Museum  Welshpool Western Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9428-6094","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruiqi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Colorado Boulder  Boulder Colorado USA"},{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences University of Southern California  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/maec.12618"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tac.1974.1100705"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.1912"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barto\u0144 K.2010.\u201cMuMIn: Multi\u2010Model Inference.\u201dCRAN: Contributed Packages.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32614\/cran.package.mumin.","DOI":"10.32614\/CRAN.package.MuMIn"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0016\u20107037(99)00217\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3514532"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016\u20107037(78)90199\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574\u20106941.2012.01374.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2018.00298"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pp.40.060189.002443"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.4712"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1540800"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0147066"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003\u2010025\u201009313\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022\u20100981(95)00044\u2010R"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/meps140285"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2014.0678"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0377\u20108398(97)00038\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1995.0094"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gca.2023.08.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095\u20108312.2009.01215.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12862\u2010020\u201001614\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fevo.2018.00045"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2023.2408"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","first-page":"47","volume-title":"Coral Reefs of the World","author":"Lipps J. 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