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Their evolutionary dynamics are closely linked to pathogen pressure and environmental factors. At present, the relationship between the evolution of\n                    <jats:italic>TLR<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes and climatic factors remains poorly understood. In this study, we identified\n                    <jats:italic>TLR1<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2013\n                    <jats:italic>TLR9<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes from 42 rodent species with relatively restricted distribution ranges. Phylogenetic comparative analyses, including phyANOVA and PGLS, were conducted to assess the relationship between evolutionary rates (\n                    <jats:italic>\u03c9<\/jats:italic>\n                    values) and 10 climatic factors. The results indicated that different\n                    <jats:italic>TLR<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes exhibit distinct climate\u2010associated patterns. Notably, increased precipitation\u2010related factors were positively associated with the evolutionary rates of\n                    <jats:italic>TLR2<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>TLR4<\/jats:italic>\n                    , whereas temperature\u2010related factors (Mean Diurnal Range) were positively correlated with the evolutionary rates of\n                    <jats:italic>TLR8<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>TLR9<\/jats:italic>\n                    . We hypothesized that both precipitation\u2010 and temperature\u2010related factors may indirectly influence the evolution of\n                    <jats:italic>TLR<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes by affecting the diversity and community composition of environmental pathogens. These results may enhance our understanding of the evolution of immune genes in animals through the perspective of potential ecological associations.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.74271","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T06:04:33Z","timestamp":1788329073000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evolutionary Response Patterns of the Rodent\n                    <scp>\n                      <i>TLR<\/i>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    Genes to Climatic Factors"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2833-5358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chao","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences Qufu Normal University  Qufu Shandong Province China"},{"name":"Shandong Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Biodiversity Conservation in 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