{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T11:15:44Z","timestamp":1791458144438,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ecology and Evolution"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Experimentally derived critical thermal maxima values (CT\n                    <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) are widely used to estimate species' thermal tolerances and, increasingly, to predict their vulnerability to chronic warming and heatwaves. However, accumulating evidence from model taxa such as fish and insects suggests that CT\n                    <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                    is dynamic and sensitive to multiple environmental and methodological factors, potentially limiting its application as a fixed species\u2010level metric. Here, we quantified CT\n                    <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                    in three habitat\u2010forming kelp species (\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">Laminaria digitata<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      , Saccharina latissima\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Laminaria ochroleuca<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ) that occupy contrasting positions of their biogeographic range in the Western English Channel (northeast Atlantic). We assessed how methodological approach (whole plants vs. excised meristematic discs) and thermal history across multiple timescales (seasonal climatology and acute marine heatwaves, MHWs) shape upper thermal limits. Meristematic discs provided CT\n                    <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                    estimates comparable to whole plants in the two cool\u2010water species (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>L. digitata<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>S. latissima<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), but significantly underestimated whole\u2010plant tolerance in the warm\u2010affinity species (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>L. ochroleuca<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ). This divergence most likely reflected species\u2010specific biology with\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>L. ochroleuca<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    relying more strongly on whole\u2010organism integration and internal storage to maintain high thermal performance. Seasonal climatology influenced CT\n                    <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                    in both cool\u2010water species, with pronounced declines in autumn relative to spring and summer, consistent with narrower thermal safety margins and cumulative stress accrued over summer. Exposure to an extreme simulated MHW caused substantial reductions in CT\n                    <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                    across all species, with the largest decline (&gt;\u20097\u00b0C) observed in\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>L. ochroleuca<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    . Together, these results show that CT\n                    <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                    is highly plastic, shaped by species' biological traits, methodological approach and thermal history. Treating CT\n                    <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                    as a fixed trait risks misrepresenting population\u2010level vulnerability of habitat\u2010forming kelp species and, most likely, other marine ectotherms. Incorporating thermal history and organismal biology into thermal\u2010tolerance assessments will improve predictions of the resilience of kelp species and the ecosystems they underpin, under future ocean warming.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.74276","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T01:30:08Z","timestamp":1788571808000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Estimates of Critical Upper Maxima (\n                    <scp>\n                      CT\n                      <sub>max<\/sub>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    ) of Kelp Species Are Strongly Influenced by Biogeography and Thermal History"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2055-3081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tayla","family":"Leathers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Laboratory Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom  Plymouth UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0907-544X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathan G.","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Laboratory Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom  Plymouth UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4157-541X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dan A.","family":"Smale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Laboratory Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom  Plymouth UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.13818"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.arplant.59.032607.092759"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/cjz-2018-0276"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2022.733315"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquabot.2013.10.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00397259"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","unstructured":"Canty A. andB.Ripley.2025.boot: Bootstrap Functions."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-0981(98)00040-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1206432"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jfb.15368"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2021.695821"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-28451-9_3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00227-001-0760-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2745.12810"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.17052"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jembe.2015.05.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2021.06.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-016-3776-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2021.09.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jpy.12927"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pocean.2015.12.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5670\/oceanog.2018.205"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43017-020-0068-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature21707"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139192637"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10152-001-0087-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2020.108815"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate1533"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2435.13279"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00071618900650221"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2112\/JCOASTRES-D-22-00027.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.16453"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2435.14622"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12856"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcad172"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/z97-783"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seares.2012.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2017.01142"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2015.08.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17451000.2011.637561"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2020.00494"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pre.12501"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.244514"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12126"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2745.13053"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.14303"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1132-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate1958"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0066044"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0146021","article-title":"Dose\u2010Response Analysis Using R","volume":"10","author":"Ritz C.","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/ecog.08280","article-title":"Temporal Shifts in Kelp Forest Structure and Distribution Largely Reflect Recent Ocean Warming Trends","volume":"6","author":"Salland N.","year":"2026","journal-title":"Ecography"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-014-0327-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2015.1887"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Serrano O. A.ARIAS\u2010Ortiz C.Duarte G.Kendrick andP.Lavery.2021.Impact of Marine Heatwaves on Seagrass Ecosystems.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-71330-0_13"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jplph.2013.09.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/os-19-1339-2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.16107"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.774"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/maec.12199"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3054.1987.tb09219.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-49307-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-marine-032122-121437"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-23074-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jpy.13222"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate1539"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1316145111"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09670262.2024.2433471"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ddi.12775"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/meps100253"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.12348"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2019.03.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-marine-042023-093037"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.2001104"}],"container-title":["Ecology and Evolution"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ece3.74276","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/ece3.74276","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ece3.74276","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T03:09:39Z","timestamp":1791428979000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ece3.74276"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ece3.74276"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ece3.74276","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.22541\/authorea.15003032\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2045-7758","2045-7758"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-7758","type":"print"},{"value":"2045-7758","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-05-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-25","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-04","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e74276"}}