{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T03:52:16Z","timestamp":1791431536516,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788998400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":9,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ecology and Evolution"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Parasites impose strong selective pressures on animals, influencing traits from behavior to reproductive strategies. In particular, parasite\u2010mediated selection has been proposed as a major driver of sexual reproduction, as genetic recombination can generate variation that facilitates rapid evolutionary responses to parasites. Accordingly, asexual vertebrates are predicted to be more susceptible to parasites, yet some persist over longer than expected evolutionary timescales. The Amazon molly (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Poecilia formosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ) is a gynogenetic, clonal fish that occurs sympatrically with its sexual parental species, including the Sailfin molly (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>P. latipinna<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ). Here we investigate the link between behavioral differences and parasite infection in wild\u2010caught Amazon and Sailfin mollies across two populations. Fish were exposed to a simulated predator attack, and space\u2010use behavior was quantified as time spent in open versus sheltered areas. We subsequently determined their infection status and parasite load via dissection. We found that Amazon and Sailfin mollies differed in their qualitative, but not quantitative resistance to parasites. Amazon mollies had worse qualitative resistance (i.e., were more likely to be infected with at least one parasite) and spent more time in the open, \u201criskier\u201d portion of the arena. However, consistent with previous studies, Amazon and Sailfin mollies did not differ in quantitative resistance (i.e., parasite load). Parasite prevalence and load differed between our two collection sites, suggesting an important role for environmental context. These results suggest that there is a correlation between behavior and parasite exposure in Amazon mollies, while immune or physiological traits may allow them to limit parasite loads once infected. While the scope of this study makes it difficult to tell whether increased risk\u2010taking behavior leads to parasite exposure or vice versa, our results highlight important differences between sexual and asexual species in parasite\u2010laden environments.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.74288","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T05:40:28Z","timestamp":1789105228000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Differences in Parasite Infection Status and Behavior Between a Clonal Fish and Her Sexually Reproducing Heterospecifics"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9038-6386","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kirsten","family":"Sheehy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Evolution &amp; Ecology University of California Davis  Davis California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Agui\u00f1aga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Evolution &amp; Ecology University of California Davis  Davis California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Janecka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Powdermill Nature Reserve, Carnegie Museum of Natural History  Rector Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Stephenson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology Stockholm University  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kate L.","family":"Laskowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Evolution &amp; Ecology University of California Davis  Davis California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2009.10.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1501820112"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1000150"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010017\u201017204\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0044\u20108486(00)00324\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780429322884"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jfb.15771"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102656.2010.01659.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022\u20105193(80)90111\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ecog.06858"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0169\u20104758(91)90211\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2010.12.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2011.07.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/meps09072"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jav.01641"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms1632"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/fwb.13856"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095\u20108649.2008.02060.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/2041\u2010210X.12584"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gallagher J. H. A.Perkes C.\u2010C.Chang E.Chirila K.Kacevas andK.Laskowski.2025.\u201cBorn This Way: Individuality Is Seeded Before Birth and Robust to Environmental Stress.\u201dhttps:\/\/ecoevorxiv.org\/repository\/view\/10350\/.","DOI":"10.32942\/X2ZH27"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","article-title":"A Clonal Hybrid Generates Behavioral Individuality Comparable to its Sexual Parental Species","author":"Gallagher J. H.","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society: B"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev\u2010ecolsys\u2010102220\u2010020636"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0219000"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.174748"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3544435"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.87.9.3566"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","unstructured":"Hartig F.2024.\u201cDHARMa: Residual Diagnostics for Hierarchical (Multi\u2010Level\/Mixed) Regression Models.\u201dhttps:\/\/cran.r\u2010project.org\/package=DHARMa."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461\u20100248.2006.00964.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2005.3070"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2013.0814"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","unstructured":"Jaenike J. 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