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However, they are also major drivers of biodiversity loss through multiple direct and indirect impacts. Among these, artificial light at night (ALAN) is increasingly recognised as a threat to biodiversity, including nocturnal Lepidoptera, which play crucial ecological roles. While ALAN effects on adult moths are well documented, its influence on preimaginal stages, critical for fitness and population persistence, remains poorly understood. This study examined construction\u2010related factors, including ALAN effects, on Lepidoptera larvae in natural environments within mega\u2010projects context using an After\u2010Control\u2010Impact (ACI) design. Focusing on larvae is essential, as this longest and least mobile life stage is particularly vulnerable to local environmental alterations such as artificial lighting, and environmental complexity can either buffer or amplify ALAN effects. However, our findings indicate that larval presence, species richness and biomass were not consistently associated with ALAN intensity. Instead, other environmental factors, including habitat characteristics, plant species, exposure and vegetation management, emerged as more important determinants of larval assemblages. In two sites, at least one control area showed higher larval abundance than the impacted site, but this pattern appears linked more to local environmental conditions than to lighting. Species richness showed no consistent pattern, and biomass analyses were limited by sample size and developmental variability. Overall, the results highlight that mega\u2010project impacts on nocturnal Lepidoptera larvae are complex and context\u2010dependent. ALAN was not retained as a significant predictor relative to other environmental factors, though this may reflect limited statistical power rather than a true absence of effect. These findings emphasise the need for standardised approaches to mitigate multiple construction\u2010related impacts on nocturnal Lepidoptera.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.74296","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T22:41:36Z","timestamp":1790721696000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Nocturnal Lepidoptera Larvae in Mega\u2010Project: Habitat and Environmental Factors Over Construction Effects"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-6690-8528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D.","family":"Trombin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology University of Turin  Turin Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5807-192X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"P.","family":"Mazzei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associazione Lepidotterologica Italiana (ALI)  Turin Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8468-2587","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"I.","family":"Piccini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology Pozna\u0144 University of Life Sciences  Pozna\u0144 Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7047-6389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L.","family":"Dess\u00ec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Sustainable Development and Ecological Transition University of Piemonte Orientale  Vercelli Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Grieco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tunnel Euralpin Lyon Turin (TELT)  Torino Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3626-844X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"E.","family":"Matechou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mathematical Sciences Queen Mary University of London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5185-8136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S.","family":"Bonelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology University of Turin  Turin Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/285857"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","first-page":"267","volume-title":"Second International Symposium on Information Theory","author":"Akaike H.","year":"1973"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169\u20105347(03)00087\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","first-page":"35","volume-title":"Canopy Arthropods","author":"Basset Y.","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0086925"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/1051\u20100761(2001)011[0783:BBOOES]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2010.02.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1365\u20102664.13240"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep03789"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00265\u2010008\u20100594\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eap.3022"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442\u2010005\u20100076\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/icad.12447"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abi8322"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2458\/jpe.5637"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","first-page":"378","article-title":"glmmTMB Balances Speed and Flexibility Among Packages for Zero\u2010Inflated Generalized Linear Mixed Modeling","volume":"9","author":"Brooks M. 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