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In this study, we aimed to quantify the relative contributions of hypothesised pathogen transmission hosts (deer and sheep) and non\u2010transmission hosts (birds and rodents) to the environmental abundance of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Anaplasma phagocytophilum<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    (ecotypes I and II) in\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Ixodes ricinus<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ticks.\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Anaplasma phagocytophilum<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    is a zoonotic pathogen, vectored by\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>I. ricinus<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    , that causes tick\u2010borne fever in livestock and anaplasmosis in humans. We collected data on\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>A. phagocytophilum<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    prevalence and environmental hazard (density of infected ticks at 40 sites), sheep presence (at 40 sites) and relative abundance indices of deer (at 40 sites) rodents (at 20 sites) and birds (at 10 sites) in northwest Scotland between 2018 and 2020. As predicted, deer were positively associated with\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>A. phagocytophilum<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    prevalence and hazard, indicating their potential role as pathogen transmission hosts. In contrast, bird abundance was negatively associated with\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>A. phagocytophilum<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    prevalence, indicating that higher bird densities may divert more ticks away from feeding on transmission hosts, thus reducing\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>A. phagocytophilum<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    prevalence. This highlights the importance of including non\u2010transmission hosts when examining environmental disease risk factors. Sheep presence and rodent abundance index did not significantly influence\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>A. phagocytophilum<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    prevalence and hazard at our sites. Our findings could have implications for conservation and disease mitigation as land management practices that reduce deer density and promote bird abundance could reduce\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>A. phagocytophilum<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    prevalence and hazard.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.74308","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T23:44:28Z","timestamp":1788911068000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Roles of Contrasting Host Types on the Environmental Abundance of\n                    <i>Anaplasma phagocytophilum<\/i>\n                    , an Emerging Zoonotic 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