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Brown bears exhibit extreme male\u2010biased dispersal, with significant genetic differences between maternally and paternally inherited loci. This study aims to investigate how the characteristic genetic structure in Hokkaido, Japan has been shaped and to evaluate the influence of male\u2010biased dispersal and environmental barriers on this process. We conducted a reduced\u2010representation genome sequencing, ddRAD\u2010seq, and combined it with mitochondrial DNA and Y chromosomal haplotype data. Genetic differences between the southern subpopulations and the other subpopulations were observed, which may reflect restricted gene flow, particularly among female bears, as a consequence of lowland barriers. The ratio of genetic differentiation between the X\u2010chromosome and autosomes suggests a significant effect of male\u2010biased dispersal within the Hokkaido population, with slight variation in this effect among subpopulations. Species distribution modeling estimated that suitable habitat decreased during the Last Glacial Period, and demographic simulation inferred a historical population decline during this period, followed by population expansion. These results suggest that the Hokkaido population had contracted and isolated in spite of the appearance of the land bridge and has expanded after that while being limited by the lowlands. Male\u2010biased dispersal likely contributed to population recolonization after significant population decline and habitat reduction due to climate changes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.74312","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T01:44:58Z","timestamp":1789955098000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Male\u2010Biased Dispersal Leads to Expansion After Decline: The Hokkaido Brown Bear (\n                    <scp>\n                      <i>Ursus arctos<\/i>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    ) Population Rebounds Post\u2010Last Glacial Period"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6320-4105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu","family":"Endo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural History Sciences, Graduate School of Science Hokkaido University  Sapporo 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