{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T03:52:34Z","timestamp":1791431554549,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790380800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":25,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100022422","name":"WWF Nepal","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100022422","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100023278","name":"Darwin Initiative","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["30\u2010017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["30\u2010017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100023278","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ecology and Evolution"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Smooth\u2010coated Otter (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Lutrogale perspicillata<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ) depends on riverine prey and bank habitat for foraging and scent\u2010marking, but evidence from the large, braided rivers in Nepal is limited. We assessed habitat correlates of latrine presence patterns and diet composition of Smooth\u2010coated Otter in the lower section (39 km) of the Karnali River. Latrine presence\u2010absence was surveyed across 70\u2010belt transects distributed along both banks of the river with 21.43% presence and modelled using generalised linear model (binomial) with river characteristics. Diet analysis was done through hard\u2010component analysis of 32 spraints and spraint placement was examined with measured distance from river and substrate type. The presence of latrine sites decreased with increasing proximity to settlement, river width and water velocity, and was lower at sites with a retaining wall. Spraint placement analysis showed that higher spraint counts were observed with increasing distance from river (\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.481,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.0046) and the highest count on sand substrate. Diet from spraint analysis revealed dominance of fish species followed by crabs and birds. Fishing net was observed in 46.9% of analysed spraints, indicating frequent interaction with fishing gear. Our findings suggest that maintaining escape cover, limiting bank modification and reducing fishing gear exposure should be prioritised to improve habitat suitability and to reduce emerging threats in the Lower Karnali River.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.74322","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T19:54:41Z","timestamp":1790452481000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Determinants of Smooth\u2010coated Otter (\n                    <scp>\n                      <i>Lutrogale perspicillata<\/i>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    ) Latrine Occurrence and Diet in the Karnali River, Nepal"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5923-4763","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramesh","family":"Kathariya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Department of Environmental Science Tribhuvan University  Kathmandu Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7100-7339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramesh Prasad","family":"Sapkota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Department of Environmental Science Tribhuvan University  Kathmandu Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9541-2416","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rajesh","family":"Sada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WWF Nepal  Baluwatar, Kathmandu Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-7225-7820","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aashish","family":"Kapali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WWF Nepal  Baluwatar, Kathmandu Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9834-2938","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maheshwor","family":"Kathariya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Animal Science, Veterinary Science and Fisheries (FAVF) Agriculture and Forestry University  Bharatpur Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3838-2804","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kanchan","family":"Thapa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WWF Nepal  Baluwatar, Kathmandu Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","first-page":"203","article-title":"A Survey for Smooth Coated Otter (Lutrogale perspicillata) on the River Narayani, Chitwan National Park","volume":"21","author":"Acharya P. M.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hystrix, the Italian Journal of Mammalogy"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gecco.2023.e02578"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2012.09.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/edn3.117"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952836904005461"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952836905006540"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.71297"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2021.02.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barto\u0144 K.2010.\u201cMuMIn: Multi\u2010Model Inference.\u201dCRAN: Contributed Packages.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32614\/CRAN.package.MuMIn.","DOI":"10.32614\/CRAN.package.MuMIn"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gecco.2021.e01896"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11609\/jott.7477.14.1.20469\u201020477"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469\u20107998.1996.tb05396.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmammal\/gyaa165"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","first-page":"97","article-title":"Status of Otter Species in the Asian Region Status for 2007","volume":"28","author":"Silva P. 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K.deSilva andI.Reza Lubis.2021.\u201cLutrogale perspicillata(Smooth\u2010Coated Otter).\u201dThe IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2305\/IUCN.UK.2021\u20103.RLTS.T12427A164579961.en."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/beheco\/3.2.133"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006\u20103207(86)90050\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10531\u2010019\u201001737\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pwat.0000099"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13157\u2010018\u20101023\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13717\u2010024\u201000492\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aqc.2253"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/mamm.2011.105"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1898\/NWN08\u201020.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2014.1173"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_44_1","volume-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chnaes.2015.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_46_1","volume-title":"Psych: Procedures for Psychological, Psychometric, and Personality Research","author":"Revelle W.","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/evl3.127"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2003.10.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_49_1","first-page":"167","article-title":"Distribution, Ecology and Conservation of the Common Otter (\n                     Lutra lutra\n                  ) in DPRK (North Korea)","volume":"28","author":"Ryol C. 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F.","year":"2020","journal-title":"IUCN Otter Specialist Group Bulletin"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469\u20107998.1981.tb03458.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_61_1","unstructured":"WWF Nepal.2026.\u201cRajapur and Tikapur Municipalities Unite for Joint Declaration of Nepal's First Fish Sanctuary.\u201dhttps:\/\/www.wwfnepal.org\/knowledge_hub_\/newsroom\/?395297&fbclid=IwY2xjawPZ6XRleHRuA2FlbQIxMABicmlkETE5aW45bk9nWWE3WVQwbVRFc3J0YwZhcHBfaWQQMjIyMDM5MTc4ODIwMDg5MgABHoqD3Kk6kf9uZ1uqN85B34iIIPlx7DAdTbrw5E59udoSnCc4DpVwxo36fB0v_aem_L9mrO06qb26bhj2p1WeWvw."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16101818"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12233290"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.9531"}],"container-title":["Ecology and Evolution"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ece3.74322","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/ece3.74322","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ece3.74322","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T03:18:04Z","timestamp":1791429484000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ece3.74322"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ece3.74322"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ece3.74322","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-7758","2045-7758"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-7758","type":"print"},{"value":"2045-7758","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-03-30","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-25","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-26","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e74322"}}