{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T02:51:38Z","timestamp":1791427898353,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788825600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":7,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31860166"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31860166"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ecology and Evolution"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The gut microbiota of Asian elephants plays a critical role in their health and habitat adaptation. This study compared the gut microbiota of two wild Asian elephant populations in Jiangcheng (JC) and Liushun (LS), Yunnan, China. Significant differences in microbial structure, diversity, and function were found. Across samples, 24 phyla, 48 classes, 98 orders, 164 families, 288 genera, and 351 species were annotated. JC and LS shared 1897 OTUs, with 3890 and 3789 unique OTUs, respectively. Both groups were dominated by Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Verrucomicrobia, but Proteobacteria was uniquely dominant in LS. At the family level, Flavobacteriaceae contributed most to JC differences (LDA\u22484.2), while Bacteroidaceae (LDA\u22484.0) drove LS differences. Alpha diversity showed no significant difference in Chao1, but Shannon and Simpson indices were significantly higher in JC than in LS (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Functional prediction revealed JC was enriched in genetic information processing and energy metabolism, whereas LS showed higher proportions of environmental adaptation and material metabolism pathways. These differences likely reflect food resources and environmental factors, indicating gut microbiota plasticity in response to heterogeneous habitats. The findings provide valuable insights for habitat quality assessment and gut microecological conservation of Asian elephants.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.74333","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T03:30:55Z","timestamp":1788924655000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Gut Microbiota Differences in Wild Asian Elephants From Pu'er, China"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-7475-7747","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zheng","family":"Jing","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Forestry Southwest Forestry University  Kunming China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhou","family":"Jiuxuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Academy of Forestry and Grassland  Kunming China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liu","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Forestry Southwest Forestry University  Kunming China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wang","family":"Binghui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health &amp; Yunnan Province Key Laboratory of Public Health and Biosafety Kunming Medical University  Kunming China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wang","family":"Yixuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Academy of Forestry and Grassland  Kunming China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cao","family":"Hui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Academy of Forestry and Grassland  Kunming China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Tihuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Academy of Forestry and Grassland  Kunming China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-021-01224-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.6305"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.f.303"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","unstructured":"Chen J. M.2025.\u201cSeasonal Variation of Gut Microbial Community and Function in Wild Asian Elephants.\u201dKunming: Yunnan Normal University."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","volume-title":"Asian Elephant Behavior Research","author":"Chen M. Y.","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bty560"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1466252319000069"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s42523-019-0012-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2604"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","first-page":"897","article-title":"Comparison of Gut Microbiome and Common Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Plateau Pika and Plateau Zokor","volume":"41","author":"Feng T. S.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Wildlife"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/gmic.19897"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s42523-025-00451-7"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","first-page":"54","article-title":"Foraging Behavior of Wild Asian Elephants in Xishuangbanna","volume":"26","author":"Guo Y. L.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Theriologica Sinica"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0106707"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_1","first-page":"46","article-title":"Impact of Land Use Change on Asian Elephant Habitat in Simao, Yunnan","volume":"3","author":"Jin Y.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Forest Resources Management"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.20-0190"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-57801-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s42523-021-00146-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-85495-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.2676"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5423\/PPJ.RW.01.2024.0019"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2016.4"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_24_1","unstructured":"Li W. W.2017.\u201cRisk Assessment of Human\u2010Elephant Conflict in Xishuangbanna.\u201dKunming: Southwest Forestry University."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_25_1","first-page":"22","article-title":"Current Status of Asian Elephants","volume":"1","author":"Li Y. J.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Wild"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_13_26_1","first-page":"185","article-title":"Effects of Asian Elephant Feeding on Five Plant Species in the Wild Elephant Valley of Xishuangbanna","volume":"36","author":"Lin L.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Theriologica Sinica"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-80537-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1183130"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S003060530001601X"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1510000"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/age.13458"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_32_1","unstructured":"Qin L.2007.\u201cHabitat Selection of Asian Elephants (Elephas maximus) in Nangunhe Nature Reserve Yunnan.\u201dBeijing: Beijing Forestry University."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/asj.13366"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2015.06.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engmic.2023.100124"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_36_1","first-page":"89","article-title":"Distribution and Protection of Asian Elephants in China","volume":"5","author":"Tan A. J.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Protection Forest Science and Technology"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_37_1","unstructured":"Wang N. andL.Zhang.2001.\u201cHabitat Use by Asian Elephants in Simao During Dry Season and Conservation of Asian Elephants.\u201dProceedings of the Symposium on Wildlife Ecology and Managementm Guilin 1."},{"issue":"403","key":"e_1_2_13_38_1","first-page":"930","article-title":"Exploring the Gut Microbiota of Healthy Captive Asian Elephants From Various Locations in Yunnan, China","volume":"151","author":"Wang Y.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Frontiers in Microbiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_39_1","first-page":"6","article-title":"Current Status and Prospects of Asian Elephant Research in China","volume":"1","author":"Wang Z. H.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Forestry Construction"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00008-07"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_41_1","unstructured":"Yang Z. Y.2025.\u201cAnalysis of Gut Microbial Diversity and Investigation of Potential Pathogen Carriage in Wild Asian Elephants in Yunnan Province.\u201dKunming: Kunming University of Science and Technology."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13050916"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4014\/jmb.1904.04033"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_13_44_1","first-page":"185","article-title":"Habitat Selection and Utilization by Asian Elephants in Simao, Yunnan","volume":"23","author":"Zhang L.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Theriologica Sinica"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_45_1","first-page":"85","article-title":"Population Dynamics Analysis of Asian Elephants in Xishuangbanna\u2010Pu'er","volume":"6","author":"Zhu G. F.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Forestry Construction"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12691\/jfnr-10-2-2"}],"container-title":["Ecology and Evolution"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ece3.74333","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/ece3.74333","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ece3.74333","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T02:41:51Z","timestamp":1791427311000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ece3.74333"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ece3.74333"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ece3.74333","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-7758","2045-7758"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-7758","type":"print"},{"value":"2045-7758","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-05-17","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-28","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-08","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e74333"}}