{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T02:51:59Z","timestamp":1791427919897,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]],"date-time":"2026-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789257600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":12,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007128","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2015SF251"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015SF251"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007128","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ecology and Evolution"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>With more than 20,000 recognized species, the Apoidea is one of the most significant groups of pollinating insects, and their living environment is complex and diverse. The composition of nectar\u2010producing plants for Apoidea varies across different geographical regions, prompting this group to evolve a variety of adaptive traits at the morphological and physiological levels to enhance their survival. The adaptive evolution of digestive enzymes is crucial for efficient nutrient absorption in Apoidea; however, the molecular basis underlying the diversification of bee digestive enzymes remains unclear. This study analyzed 63 \u03b1\u2010glucosidase sequences from the GH13 family, representing the three subfamilies Hbg1, Hbg2, and Hbg3, across six families within Apoidea. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that the \u03b1\u2010glucosidase gene family underwent two divergence events during the early evolution of the Apoidea superfamily, giving rise to the GH13 family members Hbg1, Hbg2, and Hbg3; compared to the ancestral lineage, these three members exhibit significant divergence in both expression patterns and enzymatic functions. The GH13 genes in honeybees exhibit substantial structural diversity. Furthermore, clear functional divergence was observed among the subfamilies, accompanied by signatures of positive selection in specific lineages and codon sites. Twenty\u2010eight sites near the ligand\u2010binding region of \u03b1\u2010glucosidase are subject to positive selection and functional divergence, which may be related to the ligand\u2010binding and hydrolytic properties of \u03b1\u2010glucosidase. Overall, the \u03b1\u2010glucosidase gene family has undergone adaptive evolution driven by positive selection in Apoidea, leading to the expansion and diversification of this gene family.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.74342","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T00:51:40Z","timestamp":1789347100000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evolution of the \u03b1\u2010Glucosidase Gene Family in Apoidea"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3567-1650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiaqi","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Science Shaanxi Normal University  Xi'an China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenmi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Science Shaanxi Normal University  Xi'an China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Science Shaanxi Normal University  Xi'an China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junxia","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Science Shaanxi Normal University  Xi'an China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhaoming","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Science Shaanxi Normal University  Xi'an China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/25.17.3389"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3176"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01068067"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026334"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bty560"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1271\/bbb.61.1233"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkp1137"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev\u2010ento\u2010120811\u2010153633"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev\u2010earth\u2010042711\u2010105313"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.5075706"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00239\u2010013\u20109545\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742\u20104658.2009.07434.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00239-010-9406-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0227789"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.1883"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/mst069"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2540.2001.00895.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018\u2010016\u20102246\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.4285"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/mst010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bts199"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2015.053"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/insects12080688"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a123122"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-29654-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msw054"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkq1019"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkae268"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep45787"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010024\u201064755\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks1156"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkac250"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA120.013595"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","first-page":"242","article-title":"Vibratile Pollen\u2010Harvesting by \n                     Megachile mendica\n                   CRESSON (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae)","volume":"61","author":"Neff J. 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