{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T04:59:24Z","timestamp":1790657964677,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790553600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790553600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014440","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MICIU\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MICIU\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ecology and Evolution"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The nature of endosymbiont interactions is driven by different ecological and evolutionary processes. In herbivorous reptiles exhibiting sexual dimorphism, it remains unclear whether the host's sex and habitat type influence their interactions with hindgut nematodes. To explore this, we sampled spur\u2010thighed tortoises (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Testudo graeca<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ) across different land\u2010use practices in southern Spain (Mediterranean shrublands, traditional and intensified agricultural fields, pine plantations, and unproductive lands). For male and female tortoises, we assessed the relationships between nematode infestation and body traits (weight, height, plastron width, and carapace length) and growth rates across different land uses. Further, we investigated differences in species composition and diversity of hindgut nematode communities between sexes. Finally, with an intrapopulation ecological network approach, we evaluated the structure and diversity of tortoise\u2010nematode interactions by focusing on nematode species infesting individual male and female tortoises. The results revealed a sex\u2010mediated relationship between nematodes and tortoises. Although nematode prevalence and infestation were similar between sexes, infestation was negatively related to body size and weight only in males. At low levels of nematode infestation, males grew faster than females; however, as infestation increased, male growth rates declined, whereas female growth remained stable. In both sexes, nematode infestation decreased with the proportion of unproductive lands, and growth rates increased significantly in response to this landscape characteristic. Females hosted significantly more diverse and evenly distributed nematode communities than males despite low compositional dissimilarity between sexes. Nestedness was greater in female\u2010nematode networks, suggesting that nematodes can be more easily transmitted across these networks compared with males. Overall, females seem more resilient to nematode infestation than males. These findings have important implications for understanding the complex interactions between hindgut nematodes, habitat loss and host behavioral and ecophysiological traits, which emphasize the need for sex\u2010directed conservation approaches for tortoises.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.74377","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T04:35:41Z","timestamp":1790656541000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Sex\u2010Biased Interactions Between Spur\u2010Thighed Tortoises (\n                    <i>Testudo graeca<\/i>\n                    ) and Hindgut Nematodes"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6180-1651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julieta","family":"Ben\u00edtez\u2010Malvido","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Ecolog\u00eda del H\u00e1bitat Alterado, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico  Morelia Michoac\u00e1n Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0790-163X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva","family":"Graci\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales Universidad Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez  Elche Alicante Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n e Innovaci\u00f3n Agroalimentaria y Agroambiental (CIAGRO\u2010UMH) Universidad Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez  Elche Alicante Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5248-9819","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9s","family":"Gim\u00e9nez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales Universidad Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez  Elche Alicante Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n e Innovaci\u00f3n Agroalimentaria y Agroambiental (CIAGRO\u2010UMH) Universidad Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez  Elche Alicante Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2307-0123","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ira\u00eds","family":"\u00c1vila\u2010Eulogio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Ecolog\u00eda del H\u00e1bitat Alterado, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico  Morelia Michoac\u00e1n Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5863-4044","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana Mar\u00eda","family":"M\u00e9ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Ecolog\u00eda del H\u00e1bitat Alterado, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico  Morelia Michoac\u00e1n Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2321-9497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto Carlos","family":"Rodr\u00edguez\u2010Caro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales Universidad Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez  Elche Alicante Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n e Innovaci\u00f3n Agroalimentaria y Agroambiental (CIAGRO\u2010UMH) Universidad Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez  Elche Alicante Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1402-8023","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roc\u00edo Ruiz\u2010De","family":"Yb\u00e1\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Regional \u201cCampus Mare Nostrum\u201d Universidad de Murc\u00eda  Murc\u00eda Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1816-1334","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Traveset","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Change Research Group Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avan\u00e7ats (CSIC\u2010UIB)  Esporles, Mallorca Balearic Islands Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10531\u2010022\u201002460\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1428.052"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2010.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2021.1230"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2006.0906\u20107590.04486.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/ES11\u201000237.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306\u20104565(01)00084\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600\u20100587.2002.250110.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/physzool.66.6.30163746"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.8076"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10745\u2010006\u20109030\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1472\u20106785\u20106\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/343878"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/z03\u2010166"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3161\/000345406778700775"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1645\/0022\u20103395(2001)087[0128:OOPTND]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2003104333"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/2041\u2010210X.12310"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600\u20100706.2012.20980.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1466\u20108238.2011.00694.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2004.3050"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/11\u20101952.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1440\u20101703.12102"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ecy.2852"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2012.02.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980\u2010005\u20104617\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/geb.12819"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2020.3143"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/oik.00707"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600\u20100706.2013.00562.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2014.04.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3552"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icr058"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","first-page":"265","article-title":"Properties and Fitting of the von Bertalanffy Growth Curve","volume":"29","author":"Fabens A. J.","year":"1965","journal-title":"Growth"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ecs2.3057"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1365\u20102656.13296"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2013.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1655\/07\u2010057R2.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biolinnean\/blx007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1645\/GE\u2010184R1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-20992-5_7","volume-title":"Biodiversity Hotspots. Distribution and Protection of Conservation Priority Areas","author":"Hewitt G. M.","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1934352"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2006.04.007"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","first-page":"2","article-title":"Causes of Mortality and Diseases in Tortoises: A Review","volume":"25","author":"Jacobson E. R.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420004038.ch12","volume-title":"Infectious Diseases and Pathology of Reptiles","author":"Jacobson E. R.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980\u2010021\u201001388\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/10\u20100570.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2006.0030\u20101299.14714.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600\u20100706.2008.16582.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2024.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1638\/2006\u20100018R.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biosci\/biy095"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1560\/IJEE.55.2.133"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2017.00144"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006537600093"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35002501"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5061\/dryad.76hdr7stg"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442\u2010006\u20100487\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ZOOL.2005.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oksanen J. G.Simpson F.Blanchet et\u00a0al.2025.\u201cvegan: Community Ecology Package.\u201dhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.32614\/CRAN.package.vegan.","DOI":"10.32614\/CRAN.package.vegan"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2012.03.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022\u20105193(66)90013\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600\u20100706.2011.19451.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/285851"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2006.11.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_67_1","volume-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1751\u20100147\u201053\u201033"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/0090\u20103558\u201023.1.103"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_70_1","first-page":"101","article-title":"Relaci\u00f3n entre las faunas endopar\u00e1sitas de reptiles y sus tipos de alimentaci\u00f3n","volume":"13","author":"Roca V.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Revista Espa\u00f1ola de Herpetolog\u00eda"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13128\/Acta_Herpetol\u201014979"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10344\u2010013\u20100764\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0173485"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biolinnean\/blaa162"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2021.01.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2010.12.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980\u2010014\u20100058\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/15685381\u2010bja10171"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2020.04.088"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102656.2010.01742.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2014.00029"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1813051115"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_11_83_1","first-page":"1015","article-title":"First Data on the Population Structure, Growth Rate and Ontogenetic Allometry of the Tortoise \n                     Testudo hermanni\n                   in Eastern Stara Planina (Bulgaria)","volume":"60","author":"Zivkov M.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Comptes Rendus de l'Acad\u00e9mie Bulgare des Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000267"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_11_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(96)80001-4","article-title":"Sex Differences in Parasite Infections: Patterns and Processes","volume":"26","author":"Zuk M.","year":"1996","journal-title":"International Journal for Parasitology"}],"container-title":["Ecology and Evolution"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ece3.74377","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/ece3.74377","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ece3.74377","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T04:36:07Z","timestamp":1790656567000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ece3.74377"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ece3.74377"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ece3.74377","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-7758","2045-7758"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-7758","type":"print"},{"value":"2045-7758","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-02-09","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-08","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-28","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e74377"}}