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This effect is especially pronounced for tropical species, where agricultural expansion and habitat degradation interact with climate\u2010driven stressors. Spatial conservation prioritization for vulnerable species requires species distribution modeling to evaluate effects of climate change and human pressures. We mapped the current and future extent of suitable habitat for the African Savanna Elephant,\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>L.\u2009africana<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    , in East Africa using an ensemble species distribution model. We built an ensemble model with 4298 presence records and 10 key environmental predictors, averaging seven algorithms. For each algorithm, 10 model replications and two thresholds were used to map suitable habitat under current and future (2050, 2070) climate scenarios. Suitable habitats' overlap with existing protected areas (PAs) was assessed that may serve as Anthropocene refugia. The results demonstrated high performance for all algorithms with an average AUC value of 0.94, with a significant difference in evaluation metrics (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05) among algorithms. We identified 887,094 and 754,737\u2009km\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    suitable habitats using the weighted mean and 10% omission\u2010rate thresholds, respectively. However, these suitable habitats are projected to decline on an average of 51.9% by 2050 and 52.6% by 2070. These projected suitable habitats are severely reduced and fragmented under the worst\u2010case climate scenario (SSP5\u20108.5, 2050 and 2070), with large portions occurring outside PAs and many PAs projected to become unsuitable. Reductions in remaining suitable habitats and climatic refugia within PAs also support this conclusion. Most suitable areas outside PAs highlight the need for conservation and species management action, which is more challenging. We recommend safeguarding currently suitable habitats, even if projected to become climatically unsuitable, and protecting future suitable areas outside PAs, including stable habitats and Anthropocene refugia. This will help ensure long\u2010term conservation, particularly for populations at risk of local extinction.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.74389","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T03:16:51Z","timestamp":1790306211000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Persistence Vulnerability of the African Savanna Elephant\n                    <i>Loxodonta africana<\/i>\n                    to Anthropocene Threats in East Africa"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9024-4532","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed Seid","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Hawassa University  Hawassa Ethiopia"},{"name":"Ohio State Global One Health Initiative (GOHi)  Addis Ababa Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-3692-748X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Melese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Mizan\u2010Tepi University  Tepi Ethiopia"},{"name":"Department of Plant Biology and Biodiversity Management Addis Ababa University  Addis Ababa Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4042-4536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mulatu Ayenew","family":"Aligaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoological Sciences Addis Ababa University  Addis Ababa Ethiopia"},{"name":"Department of Biology Debre Markos University  Debre Markos Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2397-6108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anagaw","family":"Atickm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoological Sciences Addis Ababa University  Addis Ababa Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7744-023X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chala Adugna","family":"Kufa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Woldia University  Woldia Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","first-page":"352","article-title":"Pression Anthropique sur la Population d'\u00c9l\u00e9phants Dans la Partie Sud\u2010Est du Parc National de Boumba\u2010Bek","volume":"30","author":"Achille A. 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