{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T03:58:14Z","timestamp":1790654294453,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790553600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790553600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000199","name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019\u201067014\u201029919"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019\u201067014\u201029919"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000199","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ecology and Evolution"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    In terrestrial ecosystems, climate change may alter host\u2010pathogen dynamics along with interactions between hosts due to rising global temperatures and carbon dioxide levels. As carbon dioxide levels increase, plants may decrease their nitrogen\u2010carbon ratio, which may decrease plant quality for herbivores and alter species interactions. Here, we examined disease transmission, a host\u2010pathogen interaction, and cannibalism, an interaction between hosts, using the fall armyworm (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Spodoptera frugiperda<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ), a cannibalistic agricultural pest, and its species\u2010specific lethal baculovirus,\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Spodoptera frugiperda<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (SfMNPV), under various potential challenges of climate change. We used three temperature treatments (cooler, optimal, warmer) based on the fall armyworm's thermal performance curve to simulate a changing climate and four artificial diets with various protein\u2010to\u2010carbohydrate ratios (low, equal, high, standard) to manipulate resource quality due to changes in nitrogen\u2010carbon ratio from increasing carbon dioxide levels. After molting to the fourth instar, experimental larvae were presented with a virus\u2010infected or uninfected conspecific. Cannibalism incidence and final infection status of the experimental larvae were recorded. For the experimental larvae that survived and did not become infected, pupal mass was measured as a fitness proxy. We found that higher temperatures increased cannibalism in larvae on all resource types. Larvae cannibalized more when provided with a lower protein diet. Warmer temperatures led to slightly higher disease transmission, though diet type did not influence infection results in cannibals. Changes in global temperatures and carbon dioxide levels could cause more frequent cannibalism in the fall armyworm and similar species, though disease transmission from cannibalism alone may not increase substantially. We also found significant differences in fitness estimates between each temperature and diet treatment; individuals fed more carbohydrates (lower protein) and kept at cooler temperatures had larger pupal masses, indicating potentially higher fitness, while individuals fed more protein and kept at warmer temperatures had lower fitness potential. Under climate change, increases in temperature and carbon dioxide levels affect both host\u2010pathogen dynamics and intraspecific interactions between hosts with varied effects on host fitness. By examining the multiple potential effects of climate change instead of examining each factor in isolation, a clearer picture of how climate change will affect ecological systems can be more thoroughly developed.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.74403","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T03:36:51Z","timestamp":1790653011000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["We Are Dying to Eat You: Cannibalism and Disease Transmission Under Global Climate Change"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5188-7370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kale","family":"Rougeau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences Louisiana State University  Baton Rouge Louisiana USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5853-1136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bret D.","family":"Elderd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences Louisiana State University  Baton Rouge Louisiana USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","first-page":"267","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on Information Theory","author":"Akaike H.","year":"1973"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2311.1999.00224.x","article-title":"Age\u2010Related Cannibalism and Horizontal Transmission of a Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus in Larval \n                     Spodoptera frugiperda","volume":"24","author":"Chapman J. W.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ecological Entomology"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/beheco\/10.3.298"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ecolsys.34.011802.132402"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1564\/v28_oct_02"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3897\/neobiota.40.28165"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003372"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1365\u20102656.12180"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.8.3224"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app12083907"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/toaa198"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558\u2010024\u201002204\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/meps12148"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ecy.4159"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1748\u20105967.12584"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0249042"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_1","first-page":"34","volume-title":"The Fall Army Worm","author":"Philip L.","year":"1928"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_1","volume-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/insects11110806"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442\u2010013\u20102675\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0105864"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep15351"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10340\u2010022\u201001572\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1080\/03610927808827599","article-title":"Further Analysis of the Data by Akaike's Information Criterion and the Finite Corrections","volume":"7","author":"Sugiura N.","year":"1978","journal-title":"Communications in Statistics \u2013 Theory and Methods"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/insects14120958"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13744\u2010013\u20100108\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442\u2010023\u201005317\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/692734"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1920012117"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01337"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_32_1","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of Grain Science","author":"Wrigley C. 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