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Here we present an approach that improves statistical precision and biological value of estimates of population size by integrating multiple data sources in a marine system. Using the eastern North Pacific blue whale (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Balaenoptera musculus<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ) as a case study, we apply spatial capture\u2013recapture methods to estimate abundance using photo\u2010identification data from surveys with known effort. We then integrate opportunistic photo\u2010identification data and telemetry data, separately and then together, to quantify the value of auxiliary data for generating more robust estimates. The telemetry data sampled a broader area and revealed a very different pattern of space use in the population when compared to the photo\u2010identification data, which were predominantly collected in higher whale density areas. Thus, the inclusion of these data provides a more representative sample leading to more robust estimates of abundance. Integrated models also improved precision in abundance estimates. The best improvement came from the model integrating all three datasets, but that was largely driven by the addition of the opportunistic photo\u2010identification data. Addition of opportunistic photo\u2010identification data led to a 46% reduction in the coefficient of variation when compared to the photo\u2010identification data from surveys alone. Integrating multiple data streams improves precision of population size estimates, which is critical to accurately track the impact of stressors and to guide management strategies. Making observations to provide robust estimates of abundance can be challenging, especially in wide\u2010ranging and\/or cryptic species where data are often limited despite allocation of significant resources. This study identified data integration as a useful tool to maximise inferences from existing datasets and guide future data collection, informing management planning and conservation policy in the marine setting.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.74413","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T03:07:00Z","timestamp":1790651220000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Integrating Multiple Data Sources Improves Abundance Estimation in Spatial Capture\u2013Recapture Models"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4836-4785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgina","family":"Whittome","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sea Mammal Research Unit, Scottish Oceans Institute University of St Andrews  St Andrews UK"},{"name":"Cascadia Research Collective  Olympia Washington USA"},{"name":"Centre for Research Into Ecological and Environmental Modelling, the Observatory, Buchanan Gardens University of St Andrews  St Andrews UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Calambokidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cascadia Research Collective  Olympia Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2381-8302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philip S.","family":"Hammond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sea Mammal Research Unit, Scottish Oceans Institute University of St Andrews  St Andrews UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5135-3496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ladd","family":"Irvine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Mammal Institute Oregon State University  Newport Oregon USA"},{"name":"Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Sciences Oregon State University  Corvallis Oregon USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruce R.","family":"Mate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Mammal Institute Oregon State University  Newport Oregon USA"},{"name":"Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Sciences Oregon State University  Corvallis Oregon USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel M.","family":"Palacios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Mammal Institute Oregon State University  Newport Oregon USA"},{"name":"Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Sciences Oregon State University  Corvallis Oregon USA"},{"name":"Center for Coastal Studies  Provincetown Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"Smout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sea Mammal Research Unit, Scottish Oceans Institute University of St Andrews  St Andrews UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2073-1751","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chris","family":"Sutherland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Research Into Ecological and Environmental Modelling, the Observatory, Buchanan Gardens University of St Andrews  St Andrews UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/08\u20102235.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0134815"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","volume-title":"Sei Whale (Balaenoptera borealis) 5\u2010Year Review: Summary and Evaluation","author":"Austin 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E.Falcone A.Douglas L.Schlender andJ.Huggins.2009.\u201cPhotographic Identification of Humpback and Blue Whales off the US West Coast: Results and Updated Abundance Estimates From 2008 Field Season.\u201dhttp:\/\/oai.dtic.mil\/oai\/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADA539301.","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA539301"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","unstructured":"Calambokidis J. A.P\u00e9rez andJ.Laake.2019.\u201cUpdated Analysis of Abundance and Population Structure of Seasonal Gray Whales in the Pacific Northwest 1996\u20132017.\u201d Final Report to NOAA Seattle Washington 1\u201372."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2024.01.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/2041\u2010210X.12153"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","unstructured":"Cheeseman T. 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