{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T23:59:24Z","timestamp":1790726364504,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790640000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ecology and Evolution"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Parallel evolution of similar phenotypes under similar selective pressures is often viewed as evidence for natural selection. However, how often such parallel variation occurs in floral traits, and its underlying mechanisms, remain poorly understood\u2014especially in alpine plants. Here we report the first discovery of wild double\u2010flowered plants in\n                    <jats:italic>Rhododendron nivale<\/jats:italic>\n                    , a dwarf shrub of the eastern Qinghai\u2010Tibet Plateau, and the first record of double flowers in subsection\n                    <jats:italic>Lapponica<\/jats:italic>\n                    (small\u2010leaved, high\u2010altitude sky\u2010island shrubs). Naturally occurring stamen petaloidy was found in two geographically isolated populations at high passes in Chagyab County, Tibet (4825\u2009m) and Yajiang County, Sichuan (4650\u2009m), China. Individuals from both populations show nearly identical floral modifications: complete stamen petalody, thickened corolla lobes, abnormal style morphology, and denser capsule scales. The two populations are separated by &gt;\u2009800\u2009km with no possible gene flow, yet they occupy remarkably similar habitats (strong winds, low temperatures, short growing seasons). This parallel variation may suggest independent origins under similar selective pressures. Based on the ABC model of floral development, we hypothesize that the double\u2010flower phenotype results from altered expression of C\u2010class genes such as\n                    <jats:italic>AGAMOUS<\/jats:italic>\n                    . A plastid (rbcL\u2013matK) phylogeny further shows that the two double\u2010flowered populations are not each other's closest relatives but instead nest within their respective geographic clades, consistent with independent (parallel) origins. Our findings provide unique material for understanding the molecular mechanisms and environmental drivers of floral homeotic variation. A more systematic investigation of floral development genes across\n                    <jats:italic>Rhododendron<\/jats:italic>\n                    is warranted, as such rare mutations may reveal the genetic basis of flower evolution and the role of parallel evolution in generating phenotypic diversity in alpine sky\u2010island ecosystems.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.74443","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T23:09:36Z","timestamp":1790723376000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["First Observation of Wild Double\u2010Flowered\n                    <i>Rhododendron nivale<\/i>\n                    With Stamen Petaloidy and Possible Parallel Evolution"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2324-896X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuyan","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Forestry Chinese Academy of Forestry  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuxing","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Railway Eryuan Engineering Group Co., Ltd  Chengdu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8221-1420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhaoshan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Forestry Chinese Academy of Forestry  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/736845"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.17101"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12172\/202105310001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msz021"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2503\/hortj.OKD\u2010025"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","first-page":"52","volume-title":"Flora of China","author":"Fang R. Z.","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2017.04.051"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427\u2010024\u20102678\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.17060"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01623076","article-title":"Gef\u00fcllte Alpenrosen und Gef\u00fclltes Edelweiss","volume":"15","author":"Kerner A.","year":"1865","journal-title":"Oesterreichische Botanische Zeitschrift"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajb2.1747"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u2010313X.2005.02487.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plantsci.2015.02.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msac078"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/b79\u2010031"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17520\/biods.2015068"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gigascience\/giae052"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwac076"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/417440a"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12862\u2010026\u201002345\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.20345"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1086\/329176","article-title":"Rhododendron albiflorum\n                   With Double Flowers","volume":"43","author":"Rehder A.","year":"1907","journal-title":"Botanical Gazette"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2506625122"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0901264106"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/285799"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.12289"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hpj.2023.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.12.10.1837"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.129.3353.896"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msab314"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.70224"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.128.14.2735"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_12_34_1","first-page":"832","article-title":"Research Advances in the Formation Mechanism and Genetic Characters of Double Flowers","volume":"29","author":"Zhao Y. Q.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Botanica Boreali\u2010Occidentalia Sinica"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_35_1","first-page":"84","article-title":"Rare Dauricum a New Variant\u2014Plena Dauricum","volume":"1","author":"Zhou M.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Territory & Natural Resources Study"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2023.110001"}],"container-title":["Ecology and Evolution"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ece3.74443","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/ece3.74443","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ece3.74443","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T23:09:39Z","timestamp":1790723379000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ece3.74443"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ece3.74443"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ece3.74443","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-7758","2045-7758"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-7758","type":"print"},{"value":"2045-7758","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-04-24","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-19","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-29","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e74443"}}