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In the NW Mediterranean, where the Norway lobster\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Nephrops norvegicus<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    (Linnaeus, 1758) is both ecologically and economically important, we assessed the larval connectivity of the existing network of Fishery No\u2010Take Zones using a 12\u2010year Lagrangian simulation informed by species\u2010specific habitat models. Results showed that the current MPA network protects only a small fraction of larval settlement, with connectivity being weak and highly variable across years. Two out of 10 MPAs overlapping with the species habitat emerged as key larval recipients and potential sources, suggesting localised benefits but limited network coherence. To explore improvement strategies, we applied Eigen Perturbation Theory to identify new MPA network configurations based on dispersal dynamics. Both a redesigned and an expanded network significantly enhanced larval settlement and connection persistence, while improving potential recruitment by 8.1% and 4.5% to fishing grounds, respectively. Furthermore, warming trends in the region shortened pelagic larval duration, underscoring the need to integrate climate resilience into MPA design. Our findings highlight the utility of connectivity analyses to guide adaptive spatial planning and highlight the potential to optimise MPA networks for conservation, fisheries management, and climate adaptation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.74447","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T08:14:24Z","timestamp":1791360864000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Optimising Connectivity in Deep\u2010Sea\n                    <scp>MPA<\/scp>\n                    Networks for\n                    <scp>\n                      <i>Nephrops norvegicus<\/i>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    Recovery in\n                    <scp>NW<\/scp>\n                    Mediterranean Sea"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2491-6203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Morane","family":"Clavel\u2010Henry","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ICM\u2010CSIC  Barcelona Spain"},{"name":"GEOMAR  Kiel Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5802-7367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nixon","family":"Bahamon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICM\u2010CSIC  Barcelona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-9653-3347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICM\u2010CSIC  Barcelona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1484-8219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacopo","family":"Aguzzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICM\u2010CSIC  Barcelona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5756-9543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joan","family":"Navarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICM\u2010CSIC  Barcelona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5878-7155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joan B.","family":"Company","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICM\u2010CSIC  Barcelona Spain"},{"name":"ICATMAR  Barcelona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biology12020225"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ecog.00975"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0068564"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2021.765053"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s20092658"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12080\u2010018\u20100393\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2012.04.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","unstructured":"BOE.2022.\u201cOrden APA\/799\/2022 de 5 de agosto por la que se modifica el Anexo III de la Orden APA\/423\/2020 de 18 de mayo por la que se establece un plan de gesti\u00f3n para la conservaci\u00f3n de los recursos pesqueros demersales en el mar Mediterr\u00e1neo.\u201d(BOE\u2010A\u20102022\u201013834.).www.boe.es\/eli\/es\/o\/2022\/08\/05\/apa799."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/csp2.12946"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aqc.2800"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocecoaman.2024.107143"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icesjms\/fsv123"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aqc.4175"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pocean.2021.102515"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.13634"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd\u201011\u20101405\u20102018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002270000404"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aaw2869"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13022"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/feart.2021.702285"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","unstructured":"Escudier R. E.Clementi M.Omar et\u00a0al.2020.\u201cMediterranean Sea Physical Reanalysis (CMEMS MED\u2010Currents) (Version 1) [Data set]. Copernicus Monitoring Environment Marine Service (CMEMS).\u201dhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.25423\/CMCC\/MEDSEA_MULTIYEAR_PHY_006_004_E3R1."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469\u20107998.1974.tb03150.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.160494"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139163637","volume-title":"Deep\u2010Sea Biology: A Natural History of Organisms at the Deep\u2010Sea Floor","author":"Gage J. 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Irish Fisheries Investigations Series B Department of Agriculture and Fisheries (Fisheries Division).\u201d"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","unstructured":"Institut Catal\u00e0 de Recerca per a la Governan\u00e7a del Mar (ICATMAR).2022a.\u201cState of fisheries in Catalonia 2022 Part 1: report on the monitoring of the commercial fishing fleet (ICATMAR 23\u201007).\u201d199 pp Barcelona.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.57645\/10.8080.05.7."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","unstructured":"Institut Catal\u00e0 de Recerca per a la Governan\u00e7a del Mar (ICATMAR).2022b.\u201cState of fisheries in Catalonia 2022 Part 2: stock assessment (ICATMAR 23\u201008).\u201d96 pp Barcelona.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.57645\/10.8080.05.8."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","first-page":"118","volume-title":"Establishing Marine Protected Area Networks\u2014Making It Happen","author":"IUCN World Commission on Protected Areas (IUCN\u2010WCPA)","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600\u20100587.2012.07281.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/10\u20100915.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2021.0024"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aqc.3286"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","unstructured":"JORF.2018.\u201cArr\u00eat\u00e9 du 23 avril 2018 portant cr\u00e9ation de zones de p\u00eache \u00e0 acc\u00e8s r\u00e9glement\u00e9 dans le golfe du Lion (GSA 7).\u02eeJORF no 98.https:\/\/www.legifrance.gouv.fr\/loda\/id\/JORFTEXT000036844113\/2026\u201005\u201025."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","unstructured":"Kersting D. andS.Gallon.2019.\u201cMPAs and the Conservation of Highly Mobile Species.\u201dMedPAN. 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