{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T22:33:47Z","timestamp":1793140427144,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791504000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":8,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015313","name":"National Wildlife Research Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["23\u20107488\u20101759\u2010CA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23\u20107488\u20101759\u2010CA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015313","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ecology and Evolution"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Multi\u2010host infectious diseases present myriad challenges to wildlife managers due to variation in spatial overlap, contact rates, and host competence that complicate understanding of exposure risk and transmission dynamics. These challenges are present in cervid systems impacted by chronic wasting disease (CWD), where CWD prevalence tends to be highest in male cervids. This study focuses on male cervids during the mating season in a multi\u2010host system where CWD is enzootic. We used wildlife camera traps placed at two types of potential local infectious zones\u2014water tanks and scrape sites\u2014and reference sites to measure spatial overlap and duration of contact behaviors for three susceptible cervid species: mule deer (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Odocoileus hemionus<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ); white\u2010tailed deer (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Odocoileus virginianus<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ); and elk (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Cervus canadensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ). For each species, we evaluated differences in intraspecific, interspecific, and total environmental exposure risk, along with direct exposure risk, at each site type. We also explored how varied assumptions of host competence across species affected interspecific exposure risk. For mule deer and white\u2010tailed deer, interspecific environmental exposure risk was 100 and 6 times higher at local infectious zones than at reference sites, and exclusively occurred at water tanks for elk. Interspecific environmental exposure risk occurred entirely at local infectious zones, but the proportion of total risk attributed to intraspecific vs. interspecific contributions depended greatly on whether we considered mule deer and elk to have equal host competence or used prevalence within a species as a proxy for variable host competence. Mule deer engaged in direct contact behaviors for similar durations across all site types, with no significant differences in direct exposure risk across sites. Our study highlights the potential central role of mule deer in multi\u2010host cervid communities impacted by diseases transmitted horizontally such as CWD, and provides insight for CWD surveillance and management during a period of particularly high male\u2013male contact that is relevant to CWD epidemiology.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.74463","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T13:59:03Z","timestamp":1791554343000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Chronic Wasting Disease Exposure Risk to Male Cervids During the Mating Season in A Multi\u2010Host Community"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4142-7820","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca M.","family":"Windell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology Colorado State University  Fort Collins Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9066-721X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer L.","family":"Malmberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Department of Agriculture National Wildlife Research Center  Fort Collins Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Larissa L.","family":"Bailey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology Colorado State University  Fort Collins Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott","family":"Fesmire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nebraska Game and Parks Commission Wildlife Health Program  Lincoln Nebraska USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sydney","family":"Simpson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology Colorado State University  Fort Collins Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marnee K.","family":"Roundtree","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nebraska Game and Parks Commission Wildlife Health Program  Lincoln Nebraska USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgia C.","family":"Titcomb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology Colorado State University  Fort Collins Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/1568539X\u201000003543"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmammal\/gyaa109"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0019896"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1505.081458"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2015.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16060954"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brooks M. E. K.Kristensen K. J.van Benthem A.Magnusson andC. W.Berg.2017.\u201cglmmTMB Balances Speed and Flexibility Amongst Packages for glmmTMB Balances Speed and Flexibility Amongst Packages for Zero\u2010inflated Generalized Linear Mixed Modeling Zero\u2010inflated Generalized Linear Mixed Modeling.\u201dPart of the Numerical Analysis and Scientific Computing Commons and the Programming Languages and Compilers Commons.https:\/\/digitalcommons.unl.edu\/r\u2010journal.","DOI":"10.32614\/RJ-2017-066"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/715110"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2014.0107"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","unstructured":"Csardi G.2014.\u201cThe igraph Software Package for Complex Network Research.\u201dhttps:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/221995787."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2423349"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3010.240159"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0186512"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/2041\u2010210X.13159"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0161127"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12568"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1365\u20102656.12418"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1112.050306"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2015.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.5767"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0224342"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.000952"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","unstructured":"Hartig F.2024.\u201cDHARMa: Residual Diagnostics for Hierarchical (Multi\u2010Level\/Mixed) Regression Models.\u201d(R package version 0.4.7).http:\/\/florianhartig.github.io\/DHARMa\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13071171"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003354628"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.069906\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.000844"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmammal\/gyae050"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.81615\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0017450"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09575"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461\u20100248.2006.00885.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.001825"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","unstructured":"Lenth R. 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