{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T05:45:06Z","timestamp":1791870306514,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791763200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":11,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ecology and Evolution"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Ecogeographic generalizations or \u201crules\u201d, such as Bergmann's rule and Allen's rule, propose that endotherms in colder climates evolve larger bodies and shorter appendages to minimize heat loss. These patterns are hypothesized to reflect physiological adaptations to thermal stress through reduced surface area\u2010to\u2010volume ratios. Although these rules have been extensively evaluated across birds and mammals, their applicability to arboreal gliders remains untested, with little consideration of how alternative ecological and evolutionary drivers may structure morphological variation in flying squirrels across environmental gradients. Using digitized museum specimens of North American flying squirrels (\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">Glaucomys sabrinus<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      , Glaucomys oregonensis\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">Glaucomys volans<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    ), we tested these classic ecogeographic principles by examining how weight, total length, tail length, and ear length vary across a latitudinal gradient. We found significant support for Bergmann's rule, with body mass and total length increasing with latitude. In contrast, patterns in appendage morphology provided limited support for Allen's rule. Ear length exhibited a weak positive relationship with latitude, while tail length strongly increased with latitude, contradicting the prediction that appendages become shorter in colder climates. These findings suggest that thermoregulatory selection alone cannot explain morphological variation in North American flying squirrels and that functional demands, particularly those associated with gliding performance, may play a stronger role in shaping tail morphology. Overall, our results demonstrate that although classic ecogeographic rules provide a useful framework for understanding morphological variation, they do not fully capture the multiple selective pressures acting on\n                    <jats:italic>Glaucomys<\/jats:italic>\n                    species.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.74470","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T04:56:07Z","timestamp":1791867367000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Breaking the Rules: Museum Data Reveal Divergent Support for Classic Ecogeographical Rules in North American Flying Squirrels"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-6978-0580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiffany A.","family":"Paalman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural and Applied Sciences University of Wisconsin\u2013Green Bay  Green Bay Wisconsin USA"},{"name":"Division of Marine Science and Conservation, Nicholas School of the Environment Duke University  Beaufort North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7420-053X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph P.","family":"Morton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Marine Science and Conservation, Nicholas School of the Environment Duke University  Beaufort North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4086-102X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cori","family":"Lopazanski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Marine Science and Conservation, Nicholas School of the Environment Duke University  Beaufort North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6360-650X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian R.","family":"Silliman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Marine Science and Conservation, Nicholas School of the Environment Duke University  Beaufort North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8983-8181","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amy T.","family":"Wolf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural and Applied Sciences University of Wisconsin\u2013Green Bay  Green Bay Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/geb.13198"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Influence of Physical Conditions in the Genesis of Species","volume":"1","author":"Allen J. 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