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We investigated how sympatric African herbivores with contrasting body size, digestive systems and forage specialisation adjust their movement across seasons and the diel cycle. Using high\u2010resolution GPS data from 16 plains zebra (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Equus quagga<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ; hindgut fermenter) and 8 tsessebe (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Damaliscus lunatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ; ruminant) between 2014 and 2016 in the Okavango Delta, Botswana, we quantified 24\u2009h range size, 24\u2009h displacement distance, as well as displacement distance and tortuosity across 4\u2009h time blocks, and evaluated these movements in response to season, maximum daily air temperature and vegetation greenness. Zebra occupied 24\u2009h ranges double that of tsessebe during the rainy and early flood seasons, but 24\u2009h range size converged during the late flood season. Zebra travelled twice the distance of tsessebe over 24\u2009h during the early flood season, whereas travelling distances were similar during the rainy and late flood seasons. At finer temporal scales, both species showed pronounced but seasonally variable diel movement patterns. Movement paths were generally less tortuous in zebra than tsessebe, although interspecific differences diminished during the late flood season and midday. Movement patterns also changed with environmental conditions: increasing maximum daily air temperature was associated with a stronger reduction in movement in zebra than in tsessebe, whereas increasing vegetation productivity was associated with larger 24\u2009h ranges and increased tortuosity, with the latter response stronger in zebra. Overall, our findings demonstrate that movement differences between zebra and tsessebe are strongly context\u2010dependent rather than constant across seasons. Movement convergence during the late flood season suggests that seasonal conditions can reduce otherwise pronounced interspecific differences in movement patterns. These findings improve our understanding of large herbivores' responses to seasonal environmental variation and may help predict species\u2010specific responses to future climate change.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.74498","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T00:39:35Z","timestamp":1792197575000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Balancing Food, Heat and Predation Risk: Seasonal and Diel Movement Strategies of African Herbivores"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8869-1007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zarah","family":"Schwan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Okavango Research Institute University of Botswana  Maun Botswana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W. Maartin","family":"Strauss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Behavioural Ecology and Ecosystem Research Unit (ABEERU), Department of Environmental Sciences Florida Campus, University of South Africa  Johannesburg South Africa"},{"name":"School of Biological Sciences University of Canterbury  Christchurch New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johannes","family":"Signer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildlife Sciences, Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology University of Goettingen  G\u00f6ttingen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robyn S.","family":"Hetem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences University of Canterbury  Christchurch New Zealand"},{"name":"School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science University of Witwatersrand  Johannesburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Heurich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of National Park Monitoring and Animal Management Bavarian Forest National Park  Grafenau Germany"},{"name":"Chair of Wildlife Ecology and Management, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources University of Freiburg  Freiburg Germany"},{"name":"Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management University of Inland Norway  Koppang Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gaseitsiwe","family":"Masunga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Okavango Research Institute University of Botswana  Maun Botswana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9914-3455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alan M.","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Structure and Motion Laboratory Royal Veterinary College, University of London  Hatfield UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hattie L. 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