{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T15:51:32Z","timestamp":1792597892064,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792454400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":19,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ecology and Evolution"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Assessment of the physical properties of concealed food items provides insight into the perceptual and cognitive mechanisms of animals. This study investigated the walnut selection behavior of wild carrion crows (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Corvus corone<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ) through two field experiments. In Experiment 1 (visual size preference), we presented walnuts with distinct visual sizes. Crows significantly preferred the larger walnut in both their first contact and final retrieval. In Experiment 2 (internal content preference), we presented walnuts of similar size but with different internal contents: filled or empty. While there was no preference for the first contact, crows significantly selected the filled walnut for final retrieval. The final selection was significantly influenced by the crows' handling behavior. In Experiment 2, the probability of switching was significantly higher when the first contact walnut was empty. Pre\u2010retrieval lifting behavior also played a distinct role in each experiment. In Experiment 1, lifting either the larger or smaller walnut increased the probability of it being ultimately retrieved, regardless of its size. In contrast, in Experiment 2, the number of pre\u2010retrieval lifts of the filled walnut significantly predicted its correct selection, whereas lifting the empty walnut had no such reinforcing effect on its retrieval. In both experiments, the probability of selecting the higher\u2010quality option increased with the log\u2010transformed weight ratio between the two walnuts, consistent with psychophysical principles of proportional weight discrimination. These findings demonstrate that wild crows flexibly integrate visual and weight information, utilizing active haptic sampling to compensate for unreliable visual cues and optimize foraging choices in a natural setting.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.74554","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T09:21:33Z","timestamp":1792488093000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Wild Carrion Crows Choose Walnuts Based on Visual and Weight Cues"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Torito","family":"Hamano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Sciences Teikyo University of Science  Uenohara Yamanashi Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yurika","family":"Mitsuhashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Sciences Teikyo University of Science  Uenohara Yamanashi Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noriko","family":"Kondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Arts and Sciences The University of Tokyo  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masaki","family":"Shimada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Sciences Teikyo University of Science  Uenohara Yamanashi Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2517-7761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akitsugu","family":"Konno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology Azabu University  Sagamihara Kanagawa Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2014.03.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3838\/jjo.66.11"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2016.0508"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2007.10.035"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2009.1456"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/156853983X00192"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2014.05.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2011.05.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2019.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.70944"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00317608"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1093\/beheco\/10.3.220","article-title":"Avian Prey\u2010Dropping Behavior. 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