{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T20:05:45Z","timestamp":1775073945536,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617235200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009188","name":"Department of Agriculture and Water Resources, Australian Government","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009188","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ecology and Evolution"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>\n<jats:list>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Thermal imaging technology is a developing field in wildlife management. Most thermal imaging work in wildlife science has been limited to larger ungulates and surface\u2010dwelling mammals. Little work has been undertaken on the use of thermal imagers to detect fossorial animals and\/or their burrows. Survey methods such as white\u2010light spotlighting can fail to detect the presence of burrows (and therefore the animals within), particularly in areas where vegetation obscures burrows. Thermal imagers offer an opportunity to detect the radiant heat from these burrows, and therefore the presence of the animal, particularly in vegetated areas. Thermal imaging technology has become increasingly available through the provision of smaller, more cost\u2010effective units. Their integration with drone technology provides opportunities for researchers and land managers to utilize this technology in their research\/management practices.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>We investigated the ability of both consumer (&lt;AUD$20,000) and professional imagers (&gt;AUD$65,000) mounted on drones to detect rabbit burrows (warrens) and entrances in the landscape as compared to visual assessment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Thermal imagery and visual inspection detected active rabbit warrens when vegetation was scarce. The presence of vegetation was a significant factor in detecting entrances (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a0.001, <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.05). The consumer imager did not detect as many warren entrances as either the professional imager or visual inspection (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.009, <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.05). Active warren entrances obscured by vegetation could not be accurately identified on exported imagery from the consumer imager and several false\u2010positive detections occurred when reviewing this footage.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>We suggest that the exportable frame rate (Hz) was the key factor in image quality and subsequent false\u2010positive detections. This feature should be considered when selecting imagers and suggest that a minimum export rate of 30\u00a0Hz is required. Thermal imagers are a useful additional tool to aid in identification of entrances for active warrens and professional imagers detected more warrens and entrances than either consumer imagers or visual inspection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list>\n<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.7491","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T12:54:21Z","timestamp":1617281661000},"page":"6406-6414","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Hot stuff in the bushes: Thermal imagers and the detection of burrows in vegetated sites"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9581-9227","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tarnya E.","family":"Cox","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vertebrate Pest Research Unit New South Wales Department of Primary Industries Orange NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Matthews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heli Surveys Jindabyne Airport Jindabyne NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Grant","family":"Halverson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Airborne Technologies Australia Camden Airport Cobitty NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Morris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Business Excellence New South Wales Department of Primary Industries Wollongbar NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2987937"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1382490"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","volume-title":"Threat abatement plan for competition and land degradation by rabbits","author":"Commonwealth of Australia","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-39917-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3799549"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","first-page":"133","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of thermal infrared imaging and spotlighting to survey wildlife","volume":"29","author":"Focardi S.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Wildlife Society Bulletin"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","volume-title":"The economic impact of vertebrate pests in Australia","author":"Gong W.","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/juvs-2016-0029"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","volume-title":"Hay Plains, \u201034.431228 144.845285, 89m","author":"Google Earth Pro","year":"2019"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","first-page":"5","article-title":"Using thermal imagery in the aerial survey of animals","volume":"26","author":"Havens K. J.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Wildlife Society Bulletin"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3803002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v082.i13"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","volume-title":"emmeans: Estimated Marginal Means, aka Least\u2010Squares Means","author":"Lenth R.","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/WR18122"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/WR09103"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","volume-title":"Microsoft Excel","author":"Microsoft Corporation","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","volume-title":"Monitoring techniques for vertebrate pests: rabbits","author":"Mitchell B.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0083873"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3897015"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/drones3020034"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","volume-title":"Infrared Thermal Imaging: Fundamentals, research and applications","author":"Vollmer M.","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2017.1390621"}],"container-title":["Ecology and Evolution"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ece3.7491","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/ece3.7491","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ece3.7491","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,30]],"date-time":"2023-08-30T17:27:21Z","timestamp":1693416441000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ece3.7491"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ece3.7491"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ece3.7491","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-7758","2045-7758"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-7758","type":"print"},{"value":"2045-7758","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-02-08","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-03-11","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-04-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}