{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T14:26:10Z","timestamp":1772634370990,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619827200000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619827200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004813","name":"Department of Water Resources","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004813","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000203","name":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000203","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ecology and Evolution"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Incubating birds must balance the needs of their developing embryos with their own physiological needs, and many birds accomplish this by taking periodic breaks from incubation. Mallard (<jats:italic>Anas platyrhynchos<\/jats:italic>) and gadwall (<jats:italic>Mareca strepera<\/jats:italic>) hens typically take incubation recesses in the early morning and late afternoon, but recesses can also take place at night. We examined nocturnal incubation recess behavior for mallard and gadwall hens nesting in Suisun Marsh, California, USA, using iButton temperature dataloggers and continuous video monitoring at nests. Fourteen percent of all detected incubation recesses (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a013,708) were nocturnal and took place on 20% of nest\u2010days (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a08,668). Video monitoring showed that hens covered their eggs with down feathers when they initiated a nocturnal recess themselves as they would a diurnal recess, but they left the eggs uncovered in 94% of the nocturnal recesses in which predators appeared at nests. Thus, determining whether or not eggs were left uncovered during a recess can provide strong indication whether the recess was initiated by the hen (eggs covered) or a predator (eggs uncovered). Because nest temperature decreased more rapidly when eggs were left uncovered versus covered, we were able to characterize eggs during nocturnal incubation recesses as covered or uncovered using nest temperature data. Overall, we predicted that 75% of nocturnal recesses were hen\u2010initiated recesses (eggs covered) whereas 25% of nocturnal recesses were predator\u2010initiated recesses (eggs uncovered). Of the predator\u2010initiated nocturnal recesses, 56% were accompanied by evidence of depredation at the nest during the subsequent nest monitoring visit. Hen\u2010initiated nocturnal recesses began later in the night (closer to morning) and were shorter than predator\u2010initiated nocturnal recesses. Our results indicate that nocturnal incubation recesses occur regularly (14% of all recesses) and, similar to diurnal recesses, most nocturnal recesses (75%) are initiated by the hen rather than an approaching predator.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.7561","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T09:40:41Z","timestamp":1619862041000},"page":"7292-7301","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Nocturnal incubation recess and flushing behavior by duck hens"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4696-0878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca","family":"Croston","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey Western Ecological Research Center Dixon Field Station Dixon CA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2773-3901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah H.","family":"Peterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey Western Ecological Research Center Dixon Field Station Dixon CA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C. Alex","family":"Hartman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey Western Ecological Research Center Dixon Field Station Dixon CA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark P.","family":"Herzog","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey Western Ecological Research Center Dixon Field Station Dixon CA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cliff L.","family":"Feldheim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Suisun Marsh Program California Department of Water Resources Sacramento CA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael L.","family":"Casazza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey Western Ecological Research Center Dixon Field Station Dixon CA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joshua T.","family":"Ackerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey Western Ecological Research Center Dixon Field Station Dixon CA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00265\u2010003\u20100628\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1367462"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/auk\/100.3.670"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Fitting linear mixed\u2010effects models using lme4","volume":"67","author":"Bates D.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10336\u2010011\u20100696\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jav.00900"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0065521"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","first-page":"325","article-title":"A multiple sensor system for monitoring avian nesting behavior","volume":"93","author":"Cooper J. A.","year":"1981","journal-title":"Wilson Bulletin"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-048X.2002.330113.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jwmg.21444"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1650\/CONDOR\u201018\u20106.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.6078"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","unstructured":"Croston R. Peterson S. E. Hartman C. A. Herzog M. P. Feldheim C. L. Casazza M. L. &Ackerman J. T.(2021).Nocturnal incubation and flushing behavior by mallard and gadwall hens nesting in Grizzly Island Wildlife Area 2015\u20132018: U.S. Geological Survey Data Release.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5066\/P9XG4KSK"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","first-page":"5","article-title":"Foraging routines and estimated daily food intake in Barnacle Geese wintering in the northern Netherlands","volume":"26","author":"Ebbinge B.","year":"1975","journal-title":"Wildfowl"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","volume-title":"An {R} companion to applied regression, third edition","author":"Fox J.","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","unstructured":"Hampton P. D.(1981).The wintering and nesting behavior of the Trumpeter Swan. M. S: Thesis University of Montana Missoula."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/4088837"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoover A. K.(2002).Patterns of female nest attendance in northern pintails and mallards. M. A. 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