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Research on host\u2013parasite interactions in large free\u2010ranging wild mammals is currently hampered by a lack of verified noninvasive assays. We successfully adapted existing assays to measure innate and adaptive immune responses produced by the gastrointestinal mucosa in spotted hyena (<jats:italic>Crocuta crocuta<\/jats:italic>) feces, including enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), to quantify fecal immunoglobulins (total IgA, total IgG) and total fecal O\u2010linked oligosaccharides (mucin). We investigated the effect of infection load by an energetically costly hookworm (<jats:italic>Ancylostoma<\/jats:italic>), parasite richness, host age, sex, year of sampling, and clan membership on immune responses and asked whether high investment in immune responses during early life affects longevity in individually known spotted hyenas in the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania. Fecal concentrations of IgA, IgG, and mucin increased with <jats:italic>Ancylostoma<\/jats:italic> egg load and were higher in juveniles than in adults. Females had higher mucin concentrations than males. Juvenile females had higher IgG concentrations than juvenile males, whereas adult females had lower IgG concentrations than adult males. High IgA concentrations during the first year of life were linked to reduced longevity after controlling for age at sampling and <jats:italic>Ancylostoma<\/jats:italic> egg load. Our study demonstrates that the use of noninvasive methods can increase knowledge on the complex relationship between gastrointestinal parasites and host local immune responses in wild large mammals and reveal fitness\u2010relevant effects of these responses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.7602","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,8]],"date-time":"2021-05-08T23:14:17Z","timestamp":1620515657000},"page":"7685-7699","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Noninvasively measured immune responses reflect current parasite infections in a wild carnivore and are linked to longevity"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0265-0210","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susana C. 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