{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T15:08:56Z","timestamp":1772118536168,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,11]],"date-time":"2022-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641859200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":10,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003246","name":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["023.001.222"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["023.001.222"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004890","name":"Wageningen University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004890","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ecology and Evolution"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:list>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>We assessed the hypothesized negative correlation between the influence of multiple predators and body condition and fecundity of the European hare, from 13 areas in the Netherlands.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>Year\u2010round abundance of predators was estimated by hunters. We quantified predator influence as the sum of their field metabolic rates, as this sum reflects the daily food requirements of multiple individuals. We determined the ratio between body mass and hindfoot length of hares as an index of body condition and the weight of their adrenal gland as a measure of chronic exposure to stress, and we counted the number of placental scars to estimate fecundity of hares.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>As hypothesized, we found that the sum of field metabolic rate of predators was negatively correlated with body condition and the number of placental scars, whereas it was positively related to the weight of the adrenal glands. In contrast to the sum of the field metabolic rate, the total number of predators did not or weakly affect the investigated risk responses.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>The sum of the field metabolic rate can be a useful proxy for the influence of multiple predators and takes into account predator abundance, type, body weight, and food requirements of multiple predators.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>With our findings, our paper contributes to a better understanding of the risk effects of multiple predators on prey fitness. Additionally, we identify a potential contributor to the decline of European hare populations.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                    <\/jats:list>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.8442","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,12]],"date-time":"2022-01-12T02:20:54Z","timestamp":1641954054000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Influence of multiple predators decreases body condition and fecundity of European hares"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2951-2929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martijn J. 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T.","family":"Prins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildlife Ecology and Conservation Group Wageningen University Wageningen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8870-0797","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frank","family":"van Langevelde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildlife Ecology and Conservation Group Wageningen University Wageningen The Netherlands"},{"name":"School of Life Sciences Westville Campus University of KwaZulu\u2010Natal Durban South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sipke E.","family":"van Wieren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildlife Ecology and Conservation Group Wageningen University Wageningen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","first-page":"50","article-title":"Populatietrends van terrestrische wintervogels in 1980\u20132006: Habitat, trekgedrag en verschillen tussen Hoog\u2010 en Laag Nederland","volume":"81","author":"Boele A.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Limosa"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/0012\u20109615(1998)068[0371:TIOPIS]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","first-page":"162","article-title":"Age determination in the European hare (Lepus europaeus Pallas) in the Netherlands","volume":"44","author":"Broekhuizen S.","year":"1979","journal-title":"Zeitschrift Fur S\u00e4ugetierkunde"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102656.2008.01408.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/03\u20109000"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1067994"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0050611"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00114\u2010014\u20101195\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.12975"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1135918"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2012.03.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","volume-title":"Ostrich to ducks, Volume 1, Handbook of the birds of the world","author":"Del Hoyo J.","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","volume-title":"New world vultures to guineafowl, Volume 2, Handbook of the birds of the world","author":"Del Hoyo J.","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","volume-title":"Hoatzin to auks, Volume 3, Handbook of the birds of the world","author":"Del Hoyo J.","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","volume-title":"Barn\u2010owls to hummingbirds, Volume 5, Handbook of the birds of the world","author":"Del Hoyo J.","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","volume-title":"Bush\u2010shrikes to old world sparrows, Volume 14, Handbook of the birds of the world","author":"Del Hoyo J.","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461\u20100248.2007.01037.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5751\/ES\u201000404\u2010060111"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470999592"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.3107"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102907.2011.00189.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102656.2011.01856.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02239822"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mambio.2011.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","first-page":"275","volume-title":"Research and management techniques for wildlife and habitats","author":"Harder J. 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