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Often mediated by epigenetic changes, phenotypic plasticity enables individual genotypes to express variable phenotypes in response to environmental change. Barramundi (<jats:italic>Lates calcarifer<\/jats:italic>) are a protandrous (male\u2010first) sequential hermaphrodite that exhibits plasticity in length\u2010at\u2010sex change between geographic regions. This plasticity is likely to be mediated by changes in DNA methylation (DNAm), a well\u2010studied epigenetic modification. To investigate the relationships between length, sex, and DNAm in a sequential hermaphrodite, here, we compare DNAm in four conserved vertebrate sex\u2010determining genes in male and female barramundi of differing lengths from three geographic regions of northern Australia. Barramundi first mature as male and later sex change to female upon the attainment of a larger body size; however, a general pattern of increasing female\u2010specific DNAm markers with increasing length was not observed. Significant differences in DNAm between males and females of similar lengths suggest that female\u2010specific DNAm arises rapidly during sex change, rather than gradually with fish growth. The findings also reveal that region\u2010specific differences in length\u2010at\u2010sex change are accompanied by differences in DNAm and are consistent with variability in remotely sensed sea temperature and salinity. Together, these findings provide the first <jats:italic>in situ<\/jats:italic> evidence for epigenetically and environmentally mediated sex change in a protandrous hermaphrodite and offer significant insight into the molecular and ecological processes governing the marked and unique plasticity of sex in fish.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.8730","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,18]],"date-time":"2022-03-18T09:37:00Z","timestamp":1647596220000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Epigenetics underpins phenotypic plasticity of protandrous sex change in fish"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2372-7603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alyssa M.","family":"Budd","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture James Cook University Townsville Qld Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Tropical Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology James Cook University Townsville Qld Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7126-5394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julie B.","family":"Robins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecosciences Precinct Department of Agriculture and Fisheries Brisbane Qld Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivia","family":"Whybird","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northern Fisheries Centre Department of Agriculture and Fisheries Cairns Qld Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3735-1798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dean R.","family":"Jerry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture James Cook University Townsville Qld Australia"},{"name":"Tropical Futures Institute James Cook University Singapore City Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13072\u2010018\u20100205\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/are.12018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2011.11.040"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","volume-title":"AIMS Sea Water Temperature Observing System (AIMS Temperature Logger Program)","author":"Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS)","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2021.736601"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2020.104680"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010017\u201009298\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2007.01130.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","volume-title":"Epigenetic effects of temperature on sex change in barramundi, Lates calcarifer","author":"Budd A. 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