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Through independent shifts in partner phenology and distribution, climatic stress can separate mutualists temporally or spatially, leading to alterations in partner functional traits and fitness. Here, we explored the effects of the loss of microbial mutualists on legume germination success and phenology. In particular, we assessed the effects of mutualism loss via soil sterilization, increased drought, and introduction to novel soils found beyond the current distributions of two focal legume species in subalpine environments. Through common garden experiments in controlled environments, we found evidence that soil sterilization (and consequent microbial absence) and dry soils caused species\u2010specific phenological delays of 2\u20135\u2009weeks in germination, likely as a result of interaction loss between legumes and specialized germination\u2010promoting soil microbes, such as mutualistic rhizobia. Delays in germination caused by a mismatch between legumes and beneficial microbes could negatively affect legume fitness through increased plant\u2013plant competition later in the season. Additionally, we found evidence of the presence of beneficial microbes beyond the current elevational range of one of our focal legumes, which may allow for expansion of the leading edge, although harsh abiotic factors in the alpine may hinder this. Alterations in the strength of soil microbe\u2010legume mutualisms may lead to reduced fitness and altered demography for both soil microbes and legumes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.9186","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]],"date-time":"2022-08-24T01:11:36Z","timestamp":1661303496000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Legume germination is delayed in dry soils and in sterile soils devoid of microbial mutualists: Species\u2010specific implications for upward range expansions"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6960-4361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea M.","family":"Keeler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology University of California, Riverside  Riverside California USA"},{"name":"Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory  Crested Butte Colorado 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