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Increased access to human\u2010associated food items may alter species' foraging behavior and diet, in turn modifying the normal microbial community of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), ultimately impacting their health. It is crucial we understand the role of dietary niche breadth and the resulting shift in the gut microbiota as urban animals navigate novel dietary resources. We combined stable isotope analysis of hair and microbiome analysis of four gut regions across the GIT to investigate the effects of urbanization on the diet and gut microbiota of two sympatric species of rodents with different dietary niches: the omnivorous large Japanese field mouse (<jats:italic>Apodemus speciosus<\/jats:italic>) and the relatively more herbivorous gray red\u2010backed vole (<jats:italic>Myodes rufocanus<\/jats:italic>). Both species exhibited an expanded dietary niche width within the urban areas potentially attributable to novel anthropogenic foods and altered resource availability. We detected a dietary shift in which urban <jats:italic>A. speciosus<\/jats:italic> consumed more terrestrial animal protein and <jats:italic>M. rufocanus<\/jats:italic> more plant leaves and stems. Such changes in resource use may be associated with an altered gut microbial community structure. There was an increased abundance of the presumably probiotic <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic> in the small intestine of urban <jats:italic>A. speciosus<\/jats:italic> and potentially pathogenic <jats:italic>Helicobacter<\/jats:italic> in the colon of <jats:italic>M. rufocanus<\/jats:italic>. Together, these results suggest that even taxonomically similar species may exhibit divergent responses to urbanization with consequences for the gut microbiota and broader ecological interactions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.9216","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,10]],"date-time":"2022-09-10T01:04:23Z","timestamp":1662771863000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Dietary niche breadth influences the effects of urbanization on the gut microbiota of sympatric rodents"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1165-116X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jason L.","family":"Anders","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Environmental Science Hokkaido University  Sapporo Japan"},{"name":"Department of Biosciences, Center for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES) University of Oslo  Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4801-7496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexis M.","family":"Mychajliw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Middlebury College  Middlebury Vermont USA"},{"name":"Department of Environmental Studies Middlebury College  Middlebury Vermont USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed Abdallah Mohamed","family":"Moustafa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Graduate School of Infectious Diseases Hokkaido University  Sapporo Japan"},{"name":"Department of Animal Medicine South Valley University  Qena Egypt"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Rutgers New Jersey Medical School  Newark New Jersey USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wessam Mohamed Ahmed","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Graduate School of Infectious Diseases Hokkaido University  Sapporo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1037-0350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takashi","family":"Hayakawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Environmental Earth Science Hokkaido University  Sapporo Japan"},{"name":"Japan Monkey Center  Inuyama Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3105-7603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryo","family":"Nakao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Graduate School of Infectious Diseases Hokkaido University  Sapporo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Itsuro","family":"Koizumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Environmental Earth Science Hokkaido University  Sapporo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2013.16"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010021\u201099379\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/cjz\u20102015\u20100025"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10256010701550732"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1644\/11\u2010MAMM\u2010S\u2010166.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.12427"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2546"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168\u2010018\u20100470\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587\u2010019\u20100209\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43705\u2010021\u201000053\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2006.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3869"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2014.11.010"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","first-page":"586","article-title":"Helicobacter hepaticus infection triggers inflammatory bowel disease in T cell receptor \u03b1\u03b2 mutant mice","volume":"50","author":"Chin E. 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