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The effects of hosts on disease hazard depends on their role in driving vector abundance and their ability to transmit pathogens. Theoretically, a host that cannot transmit a pathogen could dilute pathogen prevalence but increase disease hazard if it increases vector population size. In the case of Lyme disease, caused by <jats:italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/jats:italic> s.l. and vectored by Ixodid ticks, deer may have dual opposing effects on vectors and pathogen: deer drive tick population densities but do not transmit <jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic> s.l. and could thus decrease or increase disease hazard. We aimed to test for the role of deer in shaping Lyme disease hazard by using a wide range of deer densities while taking transmission host abundance into account. We predicted that deer increase nymphal tick abundance while reducing pathogen prevalence. The resulting impact of deer on disease hazard will depend on the relative strengths of these opposing effects. We conducted a cross\u2010sectional survey across 24 woodlands in Scotland between 2017 and 2019, estimating host (deer, rodents) abundance, questing <jats:italic>Ixodes ricinus<\/jats:italic> nymph density, and <jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic> s.l. prevalence at each site. As predicted, deer density was positively associated with nymph density and negatively with nymphal infection prevalence. Overall, these two opposite effects canceled each other out: Lyme disease hazard did not vary with increasing deer density. This demonstrates that, across a wide range of deer and rodent densities, the role of deer in amplifying tick densities cancels their effect of reducing pathogen prevalence. We demonstrate how noncompetent host density has little effect on disease hazard even though they reduce pathogen prevalence, because of their role in increasing vector populations. These results have implications for informing disease mitigation strategies, especially through host management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.9253","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,7]],"date-time":"2022-09-07T04:34:58Z","timestamp":1662525298000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["No net effect of host density on tick\u2010borne disease hazard due to opposing roles of vector amplification and pathogen dilution"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2579-4479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Gandy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine University of Glasgow  Glasgow UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Kilbride","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine University of Glasgow  Glasgow UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3471-5357","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roman","family":"Biek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine University of Glasgow  Glasgow UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2006-092X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caroline","family":"Millins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine University of Glasgow  Glasgow UK"},{"name":"Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences University of Liverpool  Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9139-8450","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucy","family":"Gilbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine University of Glasgow  Glasgow UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","unstructured":"Barton K.(2019).MuMIn: multi\u2010model inference. 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