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Here, we bring together hundreds of thousands of C\u2010cycle observations at the Harvard Forest in central Massachusetts, USA, a mid\u2010latitude landscape dominated by 80\u2013120\u2010yr\u2010old closed\u2010canopy forests. These data answered four questions: (1) where and how much C is presently stored in dominant forest types; (2) what are current rates of C accrual and loss; (3) what biotic and abiotic factors contribute to variability in these rates; and (4) how has climate change affected the forest\u2019s C cycle? Harvard Forest is an active C sink resulting from forest regrowth following land abandonment. Soil and tree biomass comprise nearly equal portions of existing C stocks. Net primary production (NPP) averaged 680\u2013750\u00a0g C\u00b7m<jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>\u00b7yr<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>; belowground NPP contributed 38\u201347% of the total, but with large uncertainty. Mineral soil C measured in the same inventory plots in 1992 and 2013 was too heterogeneous to detect change in soil\u2010C pools; however, radiocarbon data suggest a small but persistent sink of 10\u201330\u00a0g C\u00b7m<jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>\u00b7yr<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>. Net ecosystem production (NEP) in hardwood stands averaged ~300\u00a0g C\u00b7m<jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>\u00b7yr<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>. NEP in hemlock\u2010dominated forests averaged ~450\u00a0g C\u00b7m<jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>\u00b7yr<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>until infestation by the hemlock woolly adelgid turned these stands into a net C source. Since 2000, NPP has increased by 26%. For the period 1992\u20132015, NEP increased 93%. The increase in mean annual temperature and growing season length alone accounted for ~30% of the increase in productivity. Interannual variations in GPP and NEP were also correlated with increases in red oak biomass, forest leaf area, and canopy\u2010scale light\u2010use efficiency. Compared to long\u2010term global change experiments at the Harvard Forest, the C sink in regrowing biomass equaled or exceeded C cycle modifications imposed by soil warming, N saturation, and hemlock removal. Results of this synthesis and comparison to simulation models suggest that forests across the region are likely to accrue C for decades to come but may be disrupted if the frequency or severity of biotic and abiotic disturbances increases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ecm.1423","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,4]],"date-time":"2020-08-04T08:11:59Z","timestamp":1596528719000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":108,"title":["Carbon budget of the Harvard Forest Long\u2010Term Ecological Research site: pattern, process, and response to global change"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"90","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2220-4533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrien C.","family":"Finzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Boston University Boston Massachusetts 02215 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc\u2010Andr\u00e9","family":"Giasson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Boston University Boston Massachusetts 02215 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4473-9785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Audrey A.","family":"Barker Plotkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Forest Harvard University Petersham Massachusetts 01366 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John D.","family":"Aber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural Resources and the Environment University of New Hampshire Durham New Hampshire 03824 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4820-0231","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emery R.","family":"Boose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Forest Harvard University Petersham Massachusetts 01366 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8525-8697","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric A.","family":"Davidson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Appalachian Laboratory University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science Frostburg Maryland 21532 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2324-2518","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael C.","family":"Dietze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth &amp; Environment Boston University Boston Massachusetts 02215 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4151-6081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aaron M.","family":"Ellison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Forest Harvard University Petersham Massachusetts 01366 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9221-5919","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Serita D.","family":"Frey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural Resources and the Environment University of New Hampshire Durham New Hampshire 03824 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evan","family":"Goldman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering and Applied Sciences Harvard University Cambridge Massachusetts 02138 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3347-0258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Trevor F.","family":"Keenan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley California 94720 USA"},{"name":"Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management UC Berkeley Berkeley California 94720 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jerry M.","family":"Melillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Ecosystems Center Marine Biological laboratory Woods Hole Massachusetts 02543 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1042-8452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J. 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