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However, their capacity to deliver multiple ecosystem services (ES) as parts of agricultural systems is surprisingly understudied compared to other production systems. We undertook a comprehensive overview of ES provided by natural and semi\u2010natural grasslands, using southern Africa (SA) and northwest Europe as case studies, respectively. We show that these grasslands can supply additional non\u2010agricultural services, such as water supply and flow regulation, carbon storage, erosion control, climate mitigation, pollination, and cultural ES. While demand for ecosystems services seems to balance supply in natural grasslands of SA, the smaller areas of semi\u2010natural grasslands in Europe appear to not meet the demand for many services. We identified three bundles of related ES from grasslands: water ES including fodder production, cultural ES connected to livestock production, and population\u2010based regulating services (e.g., pollination and biological control), which also linked to biodiversity. Greenhouse gas emission mitigation seemed unrelated to the three bundles. The similarities among the bundles in SA and northwestern Europe suggest that there are generalities in ES relations among natural and semi\u2010natural grassland areas. We assessed trade\u2010offs and synergies among services in relation to management practices and found that although some trade\u2010offs are inevitable, appropriate management may create synergies and avoid trade\u2010offs among many services. We argue that ecosystem service and food security research and policy should give higher priority to how grasslands can be managed for fodder and meat production alongside other ES. By integrating grasslands into agricultural production systems and land\u2010use decisions locally and regionally, their potential to contribute to functional landscapes and to food security and sustainable livelihoods can be greatly enhanced.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ecs2.2582","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,7]],"date-time":"2019-02-07T23:37:42Z","timestamp":1549582662000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":956,"title":["Grasslands\u2014more important for ecosystem services than you might think"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"J.","family":"Bengtsson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU) Box\u00a07044, SE\u201075007 Uppsala Sweden"},{"name":"Stellenbosch Institute for Advanced Study (STIAS) Wallenberg research centre at Stellenbosch University Marais Street Stellenbosch 7600 South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. M.","family":"Bullock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NERC Centre for Ecology &amp; Hydrology Benson Lane Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BB UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Egoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth System Science University of California Irvine Irvine California 92697 USA"},{"name":"Natural Resources and the Environment CSIR P.O. Box\u00a0320 Stellenbosch 7599 South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Everson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Water Resources Research School of Agriculture, Earth and Environmental Sciences University of KwaZulu\u2010Natal Private Bag X01 Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg 3209 South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Everson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences University of KwaZulu\u2010Natal Private Bag X01 Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg 3209 South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"O'Connor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South African Environmental Observation Network PO Box 2600 Pretoria 0001 South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P. J.","family":"O'Farrell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Resources and the Environment CSIR P.O. Box\u00a0320 Stellenbosch 7599 South Africa"},{"name":"Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology University of Cape Town Private Baf X3 Rondebosch 7701 Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H. 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