{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T18:19:20Z","timestamp":1787509160485,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,8]],"date-time":"2022-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649376000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":7,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI141862"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI141862"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R37AI101438"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R37AI101438"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ecosphere"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Schistosome parasites cause a chronic inflammatory disease in humans, and recent studies have emphasized the importance of control programs for understanding the aquatic phases of schistosomiasis transmission. The host\u2010seeking behavior of larval schistosomes (miracidia) for their snail intermediate hosts plays a critical role in parasite transmission. Using field\u2010derived strains of Kenyan snails and parasites, we tested two main hypotheses: (1) Parasites prefer the most compatible host, and (2) parasites avoid hosts that are already infected. We tested preference to three\n                    <jats:italic>Biomphalaria<\/jats:italic>\n                    host snail taxa (\n                    <jats:italic>B. pfeifferi<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>B. sudanica<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>B. choanomphala<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), using allopatric and sympatric\n                    <jats:italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates and two different nonhost snail species that co\u2010occur with\n                    <jats:italic>Biomphalaria<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Bulinus globosus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Physa acuta<\/jats:italic>\n                    . We also tested whether schistosomes avoid snail hosts that are already infected by another trematode species and whether competitive dominance played a role in their behavior. Preference was assessed using two\u2010way choice chambers and by visually counting parasites that moved toward competing stimuli. In pairwise comparisons, we found that\n                    <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                    did not always prefer the more compatible snail taxon, but never favored an incompatible host over a compatible host. While parasites preferred\n                    <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>pfeifferi<\/jats:italic>\n                    to the nonhost species\n                    <jats:italic>B. globosus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , they did not significantly prefer\n                    <jats:italic>B. pfeifferi<\/jats:italic>\n                    versus\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>acuta<\/jats:italic>\n                    , an introduced species in Kenya. Finally, we demonstrated that parasites avoid infected snails if the resident parasite was competitively dominant (\n                    <jats:italic>Patagifer<\/jats:italic>\n                    sp.), and preferred snails infected with subordinates (xiphidiocercariae) to uninfected snails. These results provide evidence of \u201cfine tuning\u201d in the ability of schistosome miracidia to detect hosts; however, they did not always select hosts that would maximize fitness. Appreciating such discriminatory abilities could lead to a better understanding of how ecosystem host and parasite diversity influences disease transmission and could provide novel control mechanisms to improve human health.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ecs2.4004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,8]],"date-time":"2022-04-08T18:49:42Z","timestamp":1649443782000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Host preference of field\u2010derived\n                    <i>Schistosoma mansoni<\/i>\n                    is influenced by snail host compatibility and infection status"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6250-5555","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martina R.","family":"Laidemitt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, Department of Biology University of New Mexico  Albuquerque New Mexico USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alyssa M.","family":"Gleichsner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences State University of New York, College at Plattsburgh  Plattsburgh New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher D.","family":"Ingram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific Northwest Western University of Health Sciences  Lebanon Oregon USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven D.","family":"Gay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific Northwest Western University of Health Sciences  Lebanon Oregon USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth M.","family":"Reinhart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences Purdue University  West Lafayette Indiana USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin W.","family":"Mutuku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biotechnology Research and Development Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)  Nairobi Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Polycup","family":"O Oraro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biotechnology Research and Development Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)  Nairobi Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dennis J.","family":"Minchella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences Purdue University  West Lafayette Indiana USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerald M.","family":"Mkoji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biotechnology Research and Development Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)  Nairobi Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2916-9868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric S.","family":"Loker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, Department of Biology University of New Mexico  Albuquerque New Mexico USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle L.","family":"Steinauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific Northwest Western University of Health Sciences  Lebanon Oregon USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2014.06.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X08073628"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(76)90022-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32614\/RJ-2017-066"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781482295184"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2021.03.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3277659"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","first-page":"303","article-title":"A Review of the Influence of Host\u2010 and Parasite\u2010Related Factors and Environmental Conditions on the Host\u2010Finding Capacity of the Trematode Miracidium","volume":"37","author":"Christensen N. 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