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While visiting<jats:italic>Qualea grandiflora<\/jats:italic>shrubs to collect sugary rewards at extrafloral nectaries, tropical savanna ants deter herbivores and reduce leaf damage. Here we show that larvae of the fly<jats:italic>Rhinoleucophenga myrmecophaga<\/jats:italic>, which develop on extrafloral nectaries, lure potentially mutualistic, nectar\u2010feeding ants and prey on them. Foraging ants spend less time on fly\u2010infested foliage. Field experiments showed that predation (or the threat of predation) on ants by fly larvae produces cascading effects through three trophic levels, resulting in fewer protective ants on leaves, increased numbers of chewing herbivores, and greater leaf damage. These results reveal an undocumented mode of mutualism exploitation by an opportunistic predator at a plant\u2010provided food source, jeopardizing ant\u2010derived protection services to the plant. Our study documents a rather unusual case of predation of adult ants by a dipteran species and demonstrates a top\u2010down trophic cascade within a generalized ant\u2010plant mutualism.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ecy.1441","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,19]],"date-time":"2016-05-19T21:07:02Z","timestamp":1463692022000},"page":"1650-1657","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Mutualism exploitation: predatory drosophilid larvae sugar\u2010trap ants and jeopardize facultative ant\u2010plant mutualism"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"97","author":[{"given":"Mayra C.","family":"Vidal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Ecology Instituto de Biologia Universidade Estadual de Campinas Campinas S\u00e3o Paulo 13083\u2010970 Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastian F.","family":"Sendoya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biologia Animal Universidade Estadual de Campinas Campinas S\u00e3o Paulo 13083\u2010970 Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paulo S.","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biologia Animal Universidade Estadual de Campinas Campinas S\u00e3o Paulo 13083\u2010970 Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","first-page":"395","volume-title":"The genetics and biology of Drosophila","author":"Ashburner M.","year":"1981"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.es.13.110182.001531"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1461-0248.2001.00218.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511542190.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2311.1992.tb01071.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470515075"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.9.5072"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3546873"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ecolsys.34.011802.132410"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195171204.003.0002","volume-title":"Ecology of predator\u2010prey interactions","author":"Holland J. 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