{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T12:31:33Z","timestamp":1772886693540,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,3]],"date-time":"2021-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614729600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ecology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ecologists have long desired predictive models that allow inference on population dynamics, where detailed demographic data are unavailable. Integral projection models (IPMs) allow both demographic and phenotypic outcomes at the level of the population to be predicted from the distribution of a functional trait, like body mass. In species where body mass markedly influences demographic rates, as is the rule among mammals, then IPMs provide not only opportunity to assess the population responses to a given environment, but also improve our understanding of the complex interplay between traits and demographic outcomes. Here, we develop a body\u2010mass\u2010based approach to constructing generalized, predictive IPMs for species of ungulates covering a broad range of body size (25\u2013400\u00a0kg). Despite our best efforts, we found that a reliable and general, functional, trait\u2010based model for ungulates was unattainable even after accounting for among\u2010species variation in both age at first reproduction and litter size. We attribute this to the diversity of reproductive tactics among similar\u2010sized species of ungulates, and to the interplay between density\u2010dependent and environmental factors that shape demographic parameters independent of mass at the local scale. These processes thus drive population dynamics and cannot be ignored. Environmental context generally matters in population ecology, and our study shows this may be the case for functional traits in vertebrate populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ecy.3289","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,23]],"date-time":"2021-01-23T17:25:47Z","timestamp":1611422747000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Can we use a functional trait to construct a generalized model for ungulate populations?"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"102","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5704-108X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lochran W.","family":"Traill","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Schoool of Biological and Environmental Sciences Liverpool John Moores University Byrom Street Liverpool L3\u20093AF United Kingdom"},{"name":"School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8509-723X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Floriane","family":"Plard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biom\u00e9trie et Biologie \u00c9volutive UMR\u2010CNRS 5558 Universit\u00e9 de Lyon 1 Villeurbanne France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0174-8451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean\u2010Michel","family":"Gaillard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biom\u00e9trie et Biologie \u00c9volutive UMR\u2010CNRS 5558 Universit\u00e9 de Lyon 1 Villeurbanne France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Coulson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology University of Oxford Tinbergen Building, South Parks Road Oxford OX1\u20093PS United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1315179111"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00385268"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01237655"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2006.3495"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0006-341X.2002.00540.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(09)00405-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0587.2002.250407.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1413571111"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","volume-title":"Size, function, and life history","author":"Calder W. 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